Cyrus the Great
  • Tolerant
  • No looting or burning
  • Religious Freedom
  • Cyrus’s Cylinder – rights
/

Zoroastrianism
Ahura Mazda
Light
Paradise dualism
Ahriman C/C with Christianity
dark / Darius
  • Provinces
  • Satraps – governor, bureaucracy
Tolerant BUT “king’s eyes & ears,” are inspectors that ensure loyalty within empire
Royal Road
Increased trade
Increased use of unified currency
Paid laborers built the road b/c Zoroastrianism forbade slavery
Established a system of mail
(very reliable mail system) /
  • Lived on Island of Crete
  • Major City of Knossos
  • Fine pottery produced and exchanged in Mediterranean Trade (dominated trade)
  • Influenced Greek Culture
  • Architecture
  • Burial customs
  • Religion

  • Polis – city-state & surrounding land
  • Fundamental political unit of Greece
  • Independent governance, varied in social structure and economic activity BUT shared culture (gods, goddesses, language..etc)
/
  • Mountainous
  • ¾ of the land had mts.
  • Only 20% of land was arable
  • Harsh Physical Geography (mts)and Limited Resources resulted in:
  • Seeking resources via trade and colonizing
  • Formation of independent city-states within Greece
  • Surrounding Seas – influenced culture & trade

  • Takes place after the Trojan War
  • Odysseus (A King)
  • Difficult journey returning home to Ithaca to reunite with his wife and son
  • Involvement/Interference of various Gods/Goddesses
  • Heroic figure for Ancient Greeks
/
  • “Author” Homer
  • Epic about the Trojan War
  • Achilles – Greek Warrior
  • Hot Headed (ill tempered)
  • Son of Peleus & Thetis (nymph)
  • Kills Hector, Trojan Warrior
  • Admired by Athena
  • Gods meddle & instigate the war to continue
  • Heroes & story reflect arête– Greek concept of virtue & excellence

  • Focus on military strength and discipline – Boys & Men (Agoge)
  • Women have no political rights BUT have more responsibilities and freedom
  • Helots (conquered peoples – treated as slaves)
  • Farmers make up majority of population
/ Polytheistic
  • many Gods & Goddesses
  • address questions abouthuman behavior, life events, and mysteries of nature
Names of Gods and concepts from the Greek stories influence modern words, phrases, and metaphors:
  • Ex. Achilles Heel (weakness)

Goddess of Love & Beauty
  • Mentioned in The Iliad
/
  • Goddess of Marriage
  • Married to Zeus, She was very jealous
  • Queen of the Gods
Mother of Hephaestus,
God of Metallurgy,
who gave Achilles
his armor
  • Citizens – landowners
  • Non-citizens – free people worked in commerce, industry
  • Helots– little more than slaves, servants
  • Slaves – bottom of society, not free
/
  • Oligarchy – ruled by a few
  • Council of Elders – proposed laws

  • Assembly – land owners, voted on laws
  • Ephors -enforced the laws
  • Two Kings

Kings -Monarchy

Aristocracy
-rules by noble elite
-Nobles alienated the majority people
Eventually this led to peasant revolt

Tyranny
-Cylon, a noble attempted to takes over
-Pisistratus, noble/military leader – tyrant

Democracy – Cleisthenes & Council of 500
**”All Citizens directly voted in the Assembly /
  • Boys trained from age 7 began the “agoge” training
  • All training & education was focused on producing the best warriors
  • Harsh, rigorous, competition, floggings
  • Girls were training was focused towards physical fitness so they were fit for motherhood
  • All children were taught loyalty and to put the good of the City-State above themselves

  • Greek Lawmaker
  • Created Greece’s first legal code
  • Contracts
  • Land ownership
  • Debt slavery
  • Did resolve conflict between nobles and peasants
/
  • Statesman selected by the aristocrats to address class conflicts *he did not make land reform that could satisfy the common people
  • Outlawed debt slavery
  • All citizens could participate in the Assembly
  • Citizens could bring charges against wrongdoers
  • He took actions that promoted trade

  • Council of 500 – proposed laws
  • All Citizens (free-males, at least age 30) was eligible to be selected for the council
  • Assembly – debated and voted on laws
  • All Citizens (free-males, at least 30) were expected to participate in the group of no less than 6000 to debate/vote
/
  • Council of Elders – proposed laws
  • The Assembly – free adult males (did not debate) ONLY voted yay/nay
  • Ephors elected officials that enforced the law (edu & court)

  • Citizens - Free Adult Male
  • Non-citizens – women, slaves
/
  • Battle of Marathon (battle near the sea)
  • Athenians vs. Persians
  • Attack came from across the Aegean
  • Darius (Persian), Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles for warning & dies (Greek)
  • Battle of Thermopylae (land battle)
  • Xerxes (Persian
  • Spartans (lose!) vs. Persians

  • Greek City-States feel free & confident!
  • Athens’s victory near Salamis leads to them becoming the leader of a 140 City-State Alliance, Delian
  • Delian alliance drives out the Persians from all surrounding areas *Greeks (esp. Athens) control the Aegean Sea
  • Athens controls other Greek City-States with their powerful Navy
/
  • Beginning
  • Persians conquer the Ionian Greeks settled in Anatolia
  • Athens came to help free and defend their fellow Greeks
  • Darius “vows revenge” against Athens
  • The End
  • Athens ships trap the Persians in the narrow canal near Salamis
  • Spartans used battering rams to sink 1/3 of the Persian Fleet