Course Title: Environmental Engineering -I

The University of Lahore

Department of Civil Engineering

Course Title: Environmental Engineering -I

Course Code: CE 3602

Credit Hours: 4 (3 hrs of lecture and 3 hrs of lab/design )

Pre-Requisite: Fluid Mechanics

Course Instructor: Prof. Dr Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan

Room: to be allotted

Instructor Office Hours

Days / Time / Time / Tel. Ext. No. / Email
Monday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Tuesday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Wednesday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Thursday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Friday / 9am / 4pm / 1800

Course Objectives / Description:

Objective:

•  To learn principles of environmental engineering and inculcate abilities for design and implementation of water supply schemes.

Course Contents:

Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Water Pollution: Water chemistry and characteristics, Introduction to sources of pollution, Effects on water quality, Control parameters.

Water Demand and Supply: Population Forecast; Water uses & consumption; Types and variations in demand; Maximum demand & fire demand.

Water Quality: Water impurities & their health significance; Water quality guidelines / standards (U.S. & WHO, etc); water quality monitoring.

Water Sampling and Testing: Sampling techniques and examination of water (physical, chemical and microbiological parameters), Water borne diseases.

Water Treatment: Treatment of surface & ground water, screening, sedimentation, coagulation, Filtration, design aspects of slow sand and rapid sand filters; and their operations, Pressure filters

Miscellaneous Water Treatment Techniques: Fluoridation, Iron & Manganese removal; Water softening methods; Water disinfection and chemicals; Chlorination; Emergency treatment methods.

Water Distribution: Layout and design of water transmission works and distribution networks, service reservoirs, Fixtures and their installation; Tapping of water mains, Urban and Rural Water Supply.

Introduction to Air & Noise Pollution

Recommended Text Book:

1.  Terence J. McGhee, Water Supply and Sewerage, 6thPP edition, McGraw Hill

Additional Books Recommended

1. Mackenzie L. Davis, David A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill,

1. Howard S. Peavy, D.R. Rowe, George Tchobanoglous, Environmental Engineering McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.; 7th Rev Ed edition
2. Warren Viessman,Jr., and Mark Hammer , water Supply and Pollution Control, Fourth Edition, Harper and Row, Publishers, New York.

Week Wise Topics (Syllabus break down in weeks)

Weeks / Topics / Assignments / Quizzes
1,2,3 / Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Definition of environment, factors affecting environment; environmental engineering;sources of environmental pollution ( water, air, soil) ; impact on health; global,regional and national environmental problems.
FIRST ONE HOUR QUIZZ / x
4,5 / Water Pollution: Water chemistry and characteristics, Introduction to sources of pollution, Effects on water quality, Control parameters.
6,7 / Water Demand and Supply: Population Forecast; Water uses & consumption; Types and variations in demand; Maximum demand & fire demand.
FIRST ASSIGNMENT / x
8,9 / Water Quality: Water impurities & their health significance; Water quality guidelines / standards (U.S. & WHO, etc); water quality monitoring.
MID TERM EXAM
10,11 / Water Sampling and Testing: Sampling techniques and examination of water (physical, chemical and microbiological parameters), Water borne diseases.
12,13 / Water Treatment: Treatment of surface & ground water, screening, sedimentation, coagulation, Filtration, design aspects of slow sand and rapid sand filters; and their operations, Pressure filters
SECOND ONE HOUR QUIZZ / x
14,15 / Miscellaneous Water Treatment Techniques: Fluoridation, Iron & Manganese removal; Water softening methods; Water disinfection and chemicals; Chlorination; Emergency treatment methods.
SECOND ASSIGNMENT / x
16,17 / Water Distribution: Layout and design of water transmission works and distribution networks, service reservoirs, Fixtures and their installation; Tapping of water mains, Urban and Rural Water Supply.
18 / Introduction to Air & Noise Pollution
Review Session
FINAL EXAM

+++++Overhead projector and multi-media equipment are needed for the theory lectures as well as lab. experiments/ design problems..

Grading Policy:

Assignments 10%

Quizzes 10%

Lab Work/Design 20%

Mid-Term 20%

Final-Term 40%

The student must obtain 50% or higher scores in both the Lab. as well as Theory in order to get a final passing grade

++++ computer Lab. may be needed for training/ application of relevant software to the students.

Attendance Policy:

All students must have minimum of 75 % attendance to be eligible to appear in the final exam.

Introduction to Environmental Egineering ( weeks 1,2, and 3)

Environment

the place or surroundings in which people are born, live, play, study and work, including all the physical conditions that affect them. For Example

We need to create a safe working environment for all employees.

He grew up in a harsh urban environment.

A dirty environment is a breeding ground for germs.

Health

is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ( WHO Definition of Health)

Water Cycle

Water is life .Earth is the water planet with more than two-thirds of its surface covered by water. Most of life on Earth is also primarily composed of water; our cells, and those of plants and animals are composed of approximately 70 percent water. Vast quantities of water also cycle through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere over both short and long time scales. This grand cycling of water is called the hydrologic cycle. The cycling of water shapes our weather and climate, supports plant growth, and makes life itself possible. The water cycle is dominated by the oceans, where 96 percent of the water on Earth is found and where 86 percent of global evaporation occurs.

When rain and other precipitation falls on land, some of it runs off into surface waters such as lakes and streams. Much of it, however, seeps into the ground. This process ? the movement of water into and through the soil and rocks ? is called infiltration. How water behaves once it is in the ground, the speed and character of infiltration, is determined by the type of soil or rock through which the water moves. It is primarily during this stage of the hydrologic cycle that water is purified. The extent to which the water is ?cleaned? depends on the state of the environment and the amount of pollution in the water. Passing through layers of sediment and rock helps to filter pollutants out, allowing the pure water to pass through. Generally, the deeper groundwater is found, the cleaner it will be.

Water that is not absorbed into the soil flows across the landscape to rivers, lakes, streams, and eventually to the oceans, as runoff. While some runoff waters originate from precipitation, others stem from melting snow or ice, and are called melt water runoff. The area where precipitation that reaches the land drains into a common body of water is called a ?watershed,? and can range in size from a few acres to many square miles. As communities strive to improve the quality of their watersheds, education in this area continues to expand.

Rather than seep into the soil or run off into surface waters, some water returns to the air in gaseous form (water vapor) through evaporation. However, of all water that returns to the atmosphere through evaporation, ocean evaporation is the most prevalent, consisting of about 80 percent of total global evaporation. For land-based evaporation, roughly half occurs on the surface area of plants and is called transpiration. These processes ? evaporation and transpiration ? are sometimes given a single term: evapotranspiration.

Another form of evaporation is sublimation, by which water molecules become gaseous directly from ice without first becoming liquid water. Sublimation accounts for the slow mid-winter disappearance of ice and snow at temperatures too low to cause melting.

The process in which water vapor is converted back into liquid is called condensation. A familiar type of condensation is the formation of dew drops on blades of grass or on the outside of a cold glass. A more important type of condensation within the hydrologic cycle takes place in the atmosphere. As water vapor moves upward in the atmosphere it cools. This process ? the loss of heat through vertical movement ? is called convection. The droplets formed from atmospheric condensation gather together as a result of their gravitation pull to form clouds. Depending on the temperature of the surrounding air, this cloud moisture will take either frozen or liquid form.

Water in the atmosphere, after condensing and forming into clouds, returns to Earth through precipitation, which can take many forms. Although some water is transmitted directly to Earth through the condensation of ambient water vapor, it is primarily through precipitation that water moves from the atmosphere to the Earth.

Natural water storage. Water is stored for periods of time in various types of reservoirs. The primary reservoirs are (in order of size) the oceans, polar ice and glaciers, the atmosphere, groundwater, lakes, soils, atmosphere, rivers and streams, and the biosphere (plants and animals). There is about 50 times as much water stored in the oceans than in the next largest water reservoir, polar ice and glaciers. The amount of time that water stays in the reservoirs varies: deep groundwater can be held for up to 10,000 years, while glaciers retain their water for an average of about 40 years. At the other end of the spectrum, the retention time for rivers, soil moisture, and seasonal snow cover is typically less than 6 months.

Reservoirs (a)

Reservoir / Size (volume of water in cubic km x 10,000,000) / Percent of Water in Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans / 1370 / 97
Polar Ice and Glaciers / 29 / 2
Groundwater / 9.5 / 0.7
Lakes / 0.125 / 0.01
Soils / 0.065 / 0.005
Atmosphere / 0.013 / 0.001
Rivers and Streams / 0.0017 / 0.0001
Biosphere / 0.0006 / 0.00004

Built Environment. The term built environment refers to the structures, and infrastructure, that are made by man. This can include everything from simple housing to entire cities, and even man-made outdoor environments. Built environments provide the basic necessities for human life as we know it, and therefore must be functional and healthy for all. Finding this balance is a complicated and challenging process, and one that is consistently being refined.

A built environment includes all structures created by people, including infrastructure elements like streets, sidewalks, water and sewer lines, and electric and other utilities. Human behavior experts and city planners work to discover the most positive use of space for people. A single building can also be studied for its effectiveness. Commercial building designs are constantly changing layouts to better accommodate the business that takes place within the walls.

There are serious concerns about the health impact that a built environment has on people. Studies have shown that people, particularly those in low income areas, can be negatively influenced by their built environment. Advocates of healthy living point to the lack of adequate exercise space and healthy eating facilities as some of the key reasons why those in low-income areas have poor health. Independent civic groups often study particular areas and implement changes to the environment to encourage a more well-rounded community

A built environment can also be an outdoor space that has been manipulated by man. Community parks and other engineered open space areas are examples of outdoor places that are considered built environments. There is a challenging balance between preserving space and making it usable for the people, particularly for tourists at large national parks. Some naturalists wish to keep land as it is, without adding additional walking trails or other elements to the areas. The overall outcome is that most large parks have designated spots for tourism, while other areas remain untouched.

Sustainability is one of the most recent concerns when planning a new environment, or upgrades to an old one. Green energy sources and building materials are being used more than ever. An example of this is the town of Greensburg, Kansas, which was destroyed by a tornado in 2007. The town was rebuilt using sustainable materials and energy-conserving power sources. It has gone on to be known as the "Greenest town in America." Communities that undergo greening such as this serve as social experiments into positively-functioning built environments

Environmental management: is the process by which environmental health is regulated. It does not involve managing the environment itself, but it is the process of taking steps and behaviors to have a positive effect on the environment. Environmental management involves the wise use of activity and resources to have an impact on the world. Many organizations develop a management plan or system to implement, manage and maintain environmental goals. Management plans for the environment are constructed by many companies and organizations, as taking care of the planet is the responsibility of everybody in every type of profession.

The most successful plans are built on a Plan, Do, Check, Act model. The first step, planning, involves defining specific goals for that organization to accomplish regarding the environment. Next, the company needs to take whatever steps are necessary to implement the processes laid out in the planning stage. Checking involves monitoring the environmental management plan, evaluating its effects and adjusting the procedures as necessary. Finally, acting involves reviewing the plan after it is complete and looking at reports from activities conducted or talking to those who were directly involved to get feedback and adjust the plan according

Employees at a company, or members of an organization that has chosen to implement an environmental management plan must be given the proper environmental training. While goals such as conservation and better methods of waste disposal are solid ideals to strive for, many of these techniques have been tried before. If everyone at the organization is not on board and using the same methods, the plan will serve no ultimate good. If an environmental management plan is properly enforced, however, the company will see benefits both to its business and to the environment.

Environmental management does not come without costs. These include the investment of resources such as time and money, the cost of training the employees, the cost of hiring consultants or other professionals and the cost of technical resources for studying the environment and its impacts. It is widely believed, however, that the benefits of an environmental management plan far outweigh the costs. These include the prevention of pollution and the conservation of natural resources, increased energy efficiency, stronger environmental performance and an attention to and responsibility for taking care of the earth. Following a management plan for the environment is a great way to build strong employee relationships and foster company support around one goal.