Energy & the Laws of Thermodynamics
a. Define energy:
b. Define power:
c. The ___ basic laws of energy are known as the:
1. There are four laws of thermodynamics: ______, First, Second, & Third.
2. Zeroth Law (sometimes called the fourth): closed systems at equal temperatures have ______amounts of ______. The zeroth law provides the basis for the thermometer. Thermometers measure the ______energy of molecules.
Example: If you pour hot and cold water together the temperature of the combined water will ______.
3. First Law: The total amount of ______in a closed system is ______
Example: Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be ______or ______in the system.
4. Second Law: All systems move towards ______(disorder).
Example: Any machine’s efficiency will be less than ______% due to ______(a form of ______energy).
5. Third Law: Entropy approaches ______as temperature approaches ______.
Example: It is impossible to remove all the energy from a system as the system approaches ______zero.
Energy Conservation and Einstein: Matter and Energy are both Conserved
6. Albert ______discovered in ______, that a tiny amount of ______can be converted into a ______amount of matter. His famous ______, E = __
states that the amount of energy in matter is equal to its ______times the square of the ______of light. Since the speed of light is ______m/sec. the amount of energy ______is extremely great. Despite the protests of Einstein, the United States built the first ______weapon and used it to end ______Two. Two fission ______were dropped on ______and ______killing a ______million people. The Soviet Union soon built their own nuclear ______leading to the ______War and a nuclear ______race that left the world with a legacy of ______nuclear weapons. Political agreements have reduced that number to ______, but today there are about ______that possess nuclear weapons.
7. How many nuclear weapons have been used in war since WW II? ______
8. The first nuclear bombs and nuclear ______plants split atoms to produce thermal ______in a process called nuclear ______. Today, the United States gets ___% of its energy from nuclear ______. The Sun and all ______do the opposite by combining the nuclei of atoms in a process called nuclear ______. Modern thermonuclear weapons also ______atoms. Scientists are working hard trying to sustain ______to produce clean energy that would be very ______.
9. Among Einstein’s many legacies is our understanding that energy and matter are the ______thing in ______forms. Every second ______tons (a ton is ______pounds) of mass disappears in the Sun producing the ______energy that ______throughout the entire ______system.