CD36 Snps, Fat Tolerance & Oral Fat Preference

CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

Associations between CD36 gene polymorphisms, fat tolerance and oral fat preference in a young-adult population - Supplementary Material

Authors:

Avindra F. Jayewardene a* BAppSc

Yorgi Mavros aPhD ()

Dale P. Hancock b PhD ()

Tom Gwinn aBAppSc BSc()

Kieron B. Rooney a PhD ()

Institutions:

a Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.

b School of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.

Corresponding Author:

Avindra F. Jayewardene

Address: C42 - Cumberland Campus,

Faculty of Health Sciences,

The University of Sydney,

Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.

Ph: +61 2 9351 9403; Fax: +61 2 9351 9204; E-mail:

methods

Study participants and design

56 physically active participants (28 males, 28 females; 24.9 ± 3.3y) volunteered for the study from November 2014 to June 2015. All were between 18 and 30 years old, non-smokers who were free of any overt pathology. This study complied with the ethical guidelines laid down for human research by the Australian NHMRC and was approved by the University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee. Before taking part in the study, all participants were made aware of experimental procedures, and gave written consent to participate.

Participants reported to the laboratory between the hours of 0700 and 0900 having fasted for ≥10 h, and having been instructed to abstain from consumption of alcohol, caffeine and to refrain from strenuous exercise for the 24 h prior to the assessment.

Testing involved the collection of a blood sample for DNA extraction, anthropometric and body composition measurements, fasting blood metabolites, and completion of dietary pattern and food behaviour questionnaires. Measurements of resting CVD risk factors (resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure (BP) and rate-pressure product (RPP) and assessment of Fatox at rest were collected.Participants were seated in a quiet room at a comfortable temperature for 10 mins. Brachial BP and radial RHR were measured in duplicate and in accordance with consensus recommendations 1, 2. RPP was calculated as the product of RHR and systolic BP (SBP). Following initial baselinetesting, a subset of the cohort performed an assessment of maximal oxidative capacity (VO2peak).

Anthropometry

Morning fasting height (wall-mounted Holtain stadiometer; Holtain Ltd, Crymych Pembs, UK) and naked weight (weight in clothes [kg] - weight of clothes [kg]) were measured in triplicate to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively. Waist and hip circumference were measured in duplicate and in accordance with consensus recommendation.3

Body composition

Total fat mass (g), abdominal (android) fat mass, hip and thigh (gynoid) fat mass, trunk fat mass and body fat percentage (%BF) were determined using Lunar enCORE-based dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China).

Android and gynoid fat were calculated according to manufacturer’s instructions and pre-determined cut settings. Android region of interest (ROI) was characterised by the lower boundary at the pelvis cut; upper boundary at above the pelvis cut by 20% of the distance between pelvis and neck cuts; and lateral boundaries of the arm cuts. Gynoid ROI was characterised at the upper boundary below the pelvis cut line by 1.5 times the height of the android ROI; gynoid ROI height equal to 2 times the height of android ROI; and the lateral boundaries are the outer leg cuts.

Fasting blood metabolites

Fasting blood metabolites were assessed at a similar time of the morning for all participants.Plasma blood glucose was measured using fingerprick capillary samples on a glucose oxidase auto-analyser (Coefficient of Variation (CV) 2.5 - 2.9%; Accu-Chek Go, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). TG (CV 4.3%), total cholesterol (TC) (CV 2.3%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (CV 1.9%) were measured using a CardioChek® Analyser (CardioChek®, Indianna, USA). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was estimated using two separate formulae dependent on fasting TG levels.4, 5

Qualitative analysis of habitual diet and fat preference

Participants completed a battery of self-reporting questionnaires to capture individual dietary habits, allowing for assessment of potential association of fat preference with genotype.

Frequency of consumption of foods comprising of four areas of interest specified in dietary behaviour analysis in a comparative study by Keller and colleagues6 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed by our laboratory, adapted using the validated fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) FFQ.7 This included assessment of four subgroups (fats and oils, meat products, dairy & miscellaneous).

Psychometric analysis of food cravings was performed with the assistance of a validated 28-item self-reporting tool (food craving inventory; FCI) targeting specific conceptual subscales (high-fats, sweets, CHOs/starches and fast-food fats).8 Particular focus was placed on items relating to the conceptual factors high-fat foods (#3, 4, 6, 10, 15, 19, 26 & 27) and fast-food fats (#2, 7, 11& 20).

Oral fat tolerance test (OFTT)

Of the 56 who volunteered for the study, 42 participants (19 males, 23 females; 24.8 ± 3.4 y) performed an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) to assess postprandial Fatox and TGresponse. Participants were provided with a standardised high-fat meal (Lipotest meal™, D.Genomeres, Athens, Greece) following a ≥10 h fast, consisting of a 115g sachet of powder (3439kJ, 76g fat (75g saturated fat), 25 g CHO (14g sugars), 10g protein, 0.15g salt), which was made into a mousse consistency with the addition of 150ml of water. As per manufacturer instructions, participants with a fasting TG reading of ≥2.49mmol.l-1 were contraindicated from performing the OFTT, and completed baseline study requirements only. A 240-min, five-sample protocol was utilised (0, 60, 120, 180 & 240-min), with blood TG measured using fingerprick capillary samples on CardioChek® Analyser and whole body substrate oxidation measurement collected at each time-point. OFTT TG area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal method, using the fasting value used as a reference point for the calculation.

Whole body substrate utilisation

Female participants performed the assessments during the early to mid-follicular phase (Days 1 - 14) of their menstrual cycle to account for changes in circulating estradiol levels between the follicular and luteal phases which influences substrate utilisation.9, 10 Continuous ventilatory gas collection for 6 minutes was performedat each stage of the OFTT using a Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400 metabolic system (Parvo Medics, UT, USA), with data analysed for 2 min between minutes 4 and 6 at each stage. Fatoxand carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) were calculated using non-protein respiratory quotient (RQ):11

Fat oxidation (g.min-1) = 1.695 ∙ VO2- 1.701 ∙ VCO2

Carbohydrate oxidation (g.min-1) = 4.585 ∙ VCO2- 3.226 ∙ VO2

Total energy expenditure (kJ.min-1) = (Fatox∙39) + (CHOox∙17)

Maximal oxidative capacity (VO2peak)

By way of confirming whether physical fitness influence postprandial response, a subset of 17 participants (9 males, 8 females; 23.3 ± 3.7 y) involved in the OFTT assessment were asked to perform a VO2peakassessment to test the relationship between physical fitness and postprandial response. Exercise assessments were conducted on a Lode Corival cycle ergometer (Lode BV, Netherlands). Fractional percentages of O2 and CO2 were measured using a Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400 metabolic system (Parvo Medics, UT, USA). A ramp protocol was utilised to assess VO2peak, with all participants cycling at 75 W for the first three minutes of the assessment. Ramp test increments varied between 1 W per 2 - 4 seconds, determined by the assessor based on sex and following a review of participant’s habitual PA levels.12 Ventilatory gases were analysed throughout the course of the assessment, until the participant reached exhaustion. VO2peak was assessed using a 30 sec average.

SNP Genotyping

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood using a Promega wizard® genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Genotyping of SNP rs1527479 in the upstream promoter region (intron 1B, -3489 bp relative to the translation start site), as well as SNP rs1984112 (5’ flanking exon 1A, -33137 bp relative to the translation start site) were performed using custom Taqman® real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology (VIC® and FAM™ labelled-dyes). The probes were designed using the Applied Biosystems® Taqman® design tool (Applied Biosystems®, Foster City, CA, USA). The primer and probe sequences used for rs1527479 were as follows:

Forward5’-GGGAAAAGGCCAGATAGATTCA-3’

Reverse 5’-ATCTGGAGAAGGGCTAATATATGCA-3’

Probe [VIC/FAM] 5’-AACTAGGTTGTGGCA[C/T]AG-3’

The primer and probe sequences for rs1984112 were as follows:

Forward 5'-TTTACTGAACAGGAAACTG-3';

Reverse 5'-GTAAAAATCACAGTGAAAAATT-3';

Probe [VIC/FAM] 5’-AGGAAACTGTAGTTA[A/G]GA-3’

The PCR reaction was performed in a total volume of 25 µL, containing 2.5 µL of DNA template, 12.5 µL of 2X Applied Biosystems® Taqman® Genotyping Master mix and 1.25 µL 20X Taqman® probe mix specific for each SNP. The reactions were carried out using an Applied Biosystems® 7500FAST Real-Time PCR System. The amplification consisted of initial denaturation (95°C, 10 min); 40 cycles consisting of denaturation (95°C, 15 s), annealing and extension (60°C, 1min).

Statistical Analyses

All data were assessed for normality using histograms and descriptive statistics. Normally distributed data are presented as Mean ± SD. Non-normally distributed data were log transformed prior to use in parametric statistics if possible and presented as median (range). Both SNP loci were tested for departure from Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium using a Chi-square (χ2) analysis. Dominant-allele analyses were performed (SNP carriers vs. non-carriers) due to the limited sample size and genotypic distribution, using sequential one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Multiple linear regression models were constructed, with prior adjustment for age and sex, to assess confounders of Fatox and plasma metabolite variables to be used in the ANCOVA models, including OFTT response. As a result, plasma metabolite dependent variables and Fatox were adjusted for age, sex and fat mass. Further adjustment for baseline values of TG and Fatox were added to respective ANCOVA models for postprandial response to the OFTT. Change from baseline at each time point in the OFTT was assessed using ANCOVA models adjusting for age, sex and fat mass. All other dependent variables were adjusted for sex and age. Supplementary analysis of Fatox response to the high-fat meal in the exercise subset was adjusted for age, sex, fat mass and VO2peak. FFQ and FCI habitual diet questionnaires were separated into their respective subgroups/subscales, collated (with all values coded in ascending order of frequency for both questionnaires) and analysed between genotype and dominant allele model analysis using ANCOVA models adjusting for age and sex. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant as all hypotheses were specified a priori. Post hoc analyses were considered for all ANCOVA models where P < 0.1, due to the limited sample size. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and bias-corrected effect sizes (Hedges' g) often used for small sample size.13 Mean differences and g were calculated using raw means and SDs:

Cross-sectional: g = (M1 - M2) / pooled SD

Training effect: g = (MD1 - MD2) / pooled baseline SD

N.B. M = mean; MD = mean difference; SD = standard deviation.

results

Overall baseline participant characteristics are presented in Table S1.

Associations whole body substrate oxidation & plasma metabolites

Supplementary regression analysis between Fatox and VO2peak identified associations at the 60-min (β = 1.019, r = 0.827, P = 0.008), 120-min (β = 0.972, r = 0.812, P = 0.012), 180-min (β = 1.018, r = 0.880, P = 0.001) and 240-min (β = 1.1, r = 0.830, P = 0.008) time points. No associations were present between TG and VO2peak.

Fasting whole body substrate oxidation & blood metabolites

Baseline characteristics BG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were not significantly different between SNP carriers and non-carriers at either SNP (P>0.05). Grouped means indicate that the study cohort had readings for all blood metabolite markers considered to be within the “normal” range (Table S1).

OFTT response

TG and Fatox OFTT response, both before and after adjustment for corresponding baseline reading at rs1527479 (Table S2) and rs1984112 (Table S3).

Supplementary analysis of Fatox and TG response to the OFTT using a correction for VO2peak in addition to age, sex, fat mass and basal values in the exercise subset (n=17) did not elicit a significant difference between groups at either SNP (P>0.05) (Tables S4 and S5).

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

tables

Table S1- Overall baseline participant characteristics

Dependent Variables (N = 56)
Anthropometric Measures
Sex (M/F) / 28/28
Age (yrs) / 24.9 ± 3.3
Height (cm) / 172.8 ± 10.9
Weight (kg) / 71.3 ± 14.0
BMI (kg.m-2) / 23.7 ± 2.7
WC (cm) / 78.0 ± 7.6
HC (cm) / 98.2 ± 5.8
WHR / 0.79 ± 0.05
DEXA measures
%BF / 23.1 ± 8.7
Total FM (kg) / 15.3 ± 5.4
Lean mass (kg) / 52.8 ± 13.9
Android FM (kg) / 1.2 ± 0.6
Gynoid FM (kg) / 3.4 ± 1.1
Android FM : total FM / 0.08 ± 0.02
Gynoid FM : total FM / 0.23 ± 0.03
Android FM : gynoid FM / 0.36 ± 0.12
BMD (g.cm-2) / 1.227 ± 0.088
SBP (mmHg) / 112 ± 12
DBP (mmHg) / 71 ± 8
MAP (mmHg) / 85 ± 9
RHR (bpm) / 60 ± 9
RPP (mmHg.bpm) / 6588 ± 1051
Fasting Plasmaa
TC (mmol.L-1) / 4.02 ± 0.94
HDL-C (mmol.L-1) / 1.29 ± 0.40
LDL-C (mmol.L-1) / 2.32 ± 0.82
TG (mmol.L-1) / 0.89 ± 0.40
BG (mmol.L-1) / 5.1 ± 0.5
Resting whole body substrate utilisation
Fatox (g.min-1) / 0.07 ± 0.04
CHOox (g.min-1) / 0.14 ± 0.12
Total EE (kJ.min-1) / 5.13 ± 1.08

Data presented as means± SDs. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RHR, resting heart rate; RPP, rate-pressure product; FM, fat mass; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; BG, blood glucose; Fatox, whole body fat oxidation; CHOox, whole body carbohydrate oxidation; EE, energy expenditure. aMetabolite readings outside the range of the CardioChek®analyser were entered as the closest limit value for the respective assay.

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

Table S2 - OFTT response - dominant allele model analysis at rs1527479.

Dependent Variables
n / C-Allele
27 / TT
15 / Mean Difference (95% CI) / P b / Pc / g
(95% CI)
Triglyceride responsea
TG0 (mmol.L-1) / 0.84 ± 0.35 / 1.00 ± 0.54 / 0.16 (-0.11, 0.44) / 0.283 / 0.283 / 0.4 (-0.3, 1.0)
TG60 (mmol.L-1) / 0.98 ± 0.56 / 0.97 ± 0.40 / -0.01 (-0.34, 0.32) / 0.193 / 0.909 / 0.0 (-0.7, 0.6)
TG120 (mmol.L-1) / 1.00 ± 0.51 / 1.02 ± 0.44 / 0.02 (-0.30, 0.34) / 0.314 / 0.863 / 0.0 (-0.6, 0.7)
TG180 (mmol.L-1) / 0.80 (2.03) / 0.80 (2.55) / 0.08 (-0.31, 0.45) / 0.335 / 0.650 / 0.1 (-0.5, 0.8)
TG240 (mmol.L-1) / 1.00 ± 0.53 / 1.16 ± 0.59 / 0.16 (-0.19, 0.52) / 0.869 / 0.364 / 0.3 (-0.3, 0.9)
AUC (mmol.L-1.hr-1) / 3.94 ± 1.96 / 4.17 ± 1.97 / 0.23 (-1.05, 1.51) / 0.699 / 0.699 / 0.1 (-0.5, 0.8)
Whole body substrate utilisation
Fatox0 (g.min-1) / 0.08 ± 0.04 / 0.06 ± 0.04 / -0.02 (-0.04, 0.01) / 0.450 / 0.450 / -0.5 (-1.1, 0.2)
Fatox60 (g.min-1) / 0.09 ± 0.05 / 0.07 ± 0.04 / -0.02 (-0.05, 0.01) / 0.657 / 0.426 / -0.5 (-1.2, 0.1)
Fatox120 (g.min-1) / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.09 ± 0.03 / -0.01 (-0.04, 0.02) / 0.572 / 0.747 / -0.2 (-0.8, 0.5)
Fatox180 (g.min-1) / 0.10 (0.23) / 0.09 (0.09) / -0.02 (-0.06, 0.01) / 0.419 / 0.316 / -0.5 (-1.2, 0.1)
Fatox240 (g.min-1) / 0.10 ± 0.06 / 0.10 ± 0.03 / -0.01 (-0.04, 0.02) / 0.739 / 0.996 / -0.2 (-0.9, 0.4)

Data presented as means± SDs. Non-normally distributed data presented as median (range). Mean difference and g were calculated using raw data. TG0, fasting triglyceride; TG240, triglyceride at 240-min of the OFTT; AUC, area under the curve; Fatox0, whole body fat oxidation rate at rest; Fatox(X)XX, whole body fat oxidation rate at (X)XX-min of the OFTT. aMetabolite readings outside the range of the CardioChek®analyser were entered as the closest limit value for the respective assay. b Adjustment for age, sex, fat massand baseline reading of the corresponding dependent variable. cAdjustment for age, sex and fat mass.

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

Table S3 - OFTT response - dominant allele model analysis at rs184112.

Dependent Variables
n / G-Allele
27 / AA
15 / Mean Difference (95% CI) / P b / Pc / g
(95% CI)
Triglyceride response a, b
TG0 (mmol.L-1) / 0.69 (1.31) / 0.85 (1.59) / 0.28 (0.01, 0.55) / 0.071 / 0.071 / 0.7 (0.0, 1.3)
TG60 (mmol.L-1) / 0.83 ± 0.27 / 1.21 ± 0.71 / 0.38 (0.07, 0.68) / 0.273 / 0.030 / 0.8 (0.1, 1.4)
TG120 (mmol.L-1) / 0.89 ± 0.38 / 1.22 ± 0.58 / 0.33 (0.04, 0.63) / 0.365 / 0.036 / 0.7 (0.1, 1.4)
TG180 (mmol.L-1) / 0.80 (1.45) / 0.79 (2.55) / 0.34 (-0.02, 0.71) / 0.958 / 0.279 / 0.6 (0.0, 1.3)
TG240 (mmol.L-1) / 0.92 ± 0.39 / 1.28 ± 0.71 / 0.35 (0.01, 0.70) / 0.582 / 0.070 / 0.7 (0.0, 1.3)
AUC (mmol.L-1.hr-1) / 3.08 (5.22) / 4.10 (7.41) / 1.36 (0.15, 2.57) / 0.078 / 0.078 / 0.7 (0.1, 1.4)
Whole body substrate utilisationb
Fatox0 (g.min-1) / 0.07 ± 0.04 / 0.09 ± 0.03 / 0.02 (-0.01, 0.04) / 0.112 / 0.112 / 0.5 (-0.2, 1.1)
Fatox60 (g.min-1) / 0.08 ± 0.04 / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) / 0.411 / 0.117 / 0.5 (-0.2, 1.1)
Fatox120 (g.min-1) / 0.08 (0.10) / 0.09 (0.25) / 0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) / 0.571 / 0.262 / 0.5 (-0.2, 1.1)
Fatox180 (g.min-1) / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.11 ± 0.05 / 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04) / 0.895 / 0.650 / 0.2 (-0.5, 0.8)
Fatox240 (g.min-1) / 0.10 ± 0.04 / 0.12 ± 0.06 / 0.02 (-0.01, 0.06) / 0.318 / 0.120 / 0.5 (-0.2, 1.1)

Data presented as means± SDs. Non-normally distributed data presented as median (range). Mean difference and g were calculated using raw data. TG0, fasting triglyceride; TG240, triglyceride at 240-min of the OFTT; AUC, area under the curve; Fatox0, whole body fat oxidation rate at rest; Fatox(X)XX, whole body fat oxidation rate at (X)XX-min of the OFTT. a Metabolite readings outside the range of the CardioChek®analyser were entered as the closest limit value for the respective assay. b Adjustment for age, sex, fat mass and baseline reading of the corresponding dependent variable. cAdjustment for age, sex and fat mass.

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

Table S4 - OFTT response - dominant allele model analysis at rs1527479 in the exercise subset.

Dependent Variables
n / C-Allele
10 / TT
7 / Mean Difference (95% CI) / P / g
(95% CI)
Triglyceride response a, b
TG0 (mmol.L-1) / 0.74 ± 0.24 / 1.08 ± 0.66 / 0.34 (-0.14, 0.82) / 0.552 / 0.7 (-0.3, 1.7)
TG60 (mmol.L-1) / 0.82 ± 0.31 / 0.90 ± 0.31 / 0.08 (-0.25, 0.41) / 0.775 / 0.2 (-0.7, 1.2)
TG120 (mmol.L-1) / 0.98 ± 0.54 / 0.98 ± 0.41 / 0.00 (-0.52, 0.52) / 0.290 / 0.0 (-1.0, 1.0)
TG180 (mmol.L-1) / 0.88 ± 0.46 / 0.95 ± 0.46 / 0.07 (-0.41, 0.55) / 0.540 / 0.1 (-0.8, 1.1)
TG240 (mmol.L-1) / 0.92 ± 0.58 / 1.09 ± 0.49 / 0.17 (-0.40, 0.74) / 0.782 / 0.3 (-0.7, 1.3)
AUC (mmol.L-1.hr-1) / 3.53 ± 1.72 / 3.92 ± 1.62 / 0.39 (-1.38, 2.16) / 0.345 / 0.2 (-0.8, 1.2)
Whole body substrate utilisationb
Fatox0 (g.min-1) / 0.09 ± 0.05 / 0.06 ± 0.04 / -0.03 (-0.09, 0.01) / 0.343 / -0.8 (-1.8, 0.3)
Fatox60 (g.min-1) / 0.11 ± 0.07 / 0.06 ± 0.04 / -0.05 (-0.12, 0.01) / 0.107 / -0.8 (-1.9, 0.2)
Fatox120 (g.min-1) / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.09 ± 0.05 / -0.01 (-0.06, 0.04) / 0.808 / -0.2 (-1.3, 0.8)
Fatox180 (g.min-1) / 0.11 ± 0.04 / 0.09 ± 0.04 / -0.02 (-0.07, 0.03) / 0.993 / -0.4 (-1.4, 0.6)
Fatox240 (g.min-1) / 0.11 ± 0.06 / 0.10 ± 0.03 / -0.01 (-0.07, 0.04) / 0.900 / -0.3 (-1.3, 0.8)
Exercise Dependent Variables c
VO2peak (L.min-1) / 3.0 ± 1.0 / 2.9 ± 0.8 / -0.1 (-1.1, 0.9) / 0.426 / -0.1 (-1.1, 0.8)

Data presented as means± SDs. Non-normally distributed data presented as median (range). Mean difference and g were calculated using raw data. TG0, fasting triglyceride; TG240, triglyceride at 240-min of the OFTT; AUC, area under the curve; Fatox0, whole body fat oxidation rate at rest; Fatox(X)XX, whole body fat oxidation rate at (X)XX-min of the OFTT; VO2peak, peak oxidative capacity. a Metabolite readings outside the range of the CardioChek®analyser were entered as the closest limit value for the respective assay. b Adjustment for age, sex, fat mass and baseline reading of the corresponding dependent variable. c Adjustment for age and sex.

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

Table S5 - OFTT response - dominant allele model analysis at rs1984112 in the exercise subset.

Dependent Variables
n / G-Allele
10 / AA
7 / Mean Difference (95% CI) / P / g
(95% CI)
Triglyceride response a, b
TG0 (mmol.L-1) / 0.85 ± 0.43 / 0.92 ± 0.57 / 0.07 (-0.45, 0.59) / 0.869 / 0.1 (-0.8, 1.1)
TG60 (mmol.L-1) / 0.82 ± 0.30 / 0.91 ± 0.31 / 0.09 (-0.23, 0.41) / 0.254 / 0.3 (-0.7, 1.3)
TG120 (mmol.L-1) / 0.93 ± 0.55 / 1.05 ± 0.39 / 0.12 (-0.40, 0.64) / 0.528 / 0.2 (-0.7, 1.2)
TG180 (mmol.L-1) / 0.91 ± 0.45 / 0.91 ± 0.48 / 0.00 (-0.49, 0.49) / 0.991 / 0.0 (-1.0, 1.0)
TG240 (mmol.L-1) / 0.91 ± 0.52 / 1.11 ± 0.58 / 0.20 (-0.37, 0.77) / 0.317 / 0.4 (-0.6, 1.3)
AUC (mmol.L-1.hr-1) / 3.57 ± 1.73 / 3.88 ± 1.62 / 0.31 (-1.46, 2.08) / 0.563 / 0.2 (-0.8, 1.1)
Whole body substrate utilisationb
Fatox0 (g.min-1) / 0.09 (0.16) / 0.07 (0.09) / 0.00 (-0.05, 0.05) / 0.771 / -0.1 (-1.0, 0.9)
Fatox60 (g.min-1) / 0.07 ± 0.05 / 0.11 ± 0.07 / 0.04 (-0.03, 0.10) / 0.632 / 0.6 (-0.5, 1.6)
Fatox120 (g.min-1) / 0.09 ± 0.03 / 0.11 ± 0.06 / 0.02 (-0.04, 0.06) / 0.792 / 0.3 (-0.7, 1.3)
Fatox180 (g.min-1) / 0.09 ± 0.04 / 0.11 ± 0.05 / 0.02 (-0.03, 0.06) / 0.743 / 0.4 (-0.6, 1.4)
Fatox240 (g.min-1) / 0.09 ± 0.03 / 0.12 ± 0.07 / 0.03 (-0.03, 0.08) / 0.765 / 0.5 (-0.5, 1.5)
Exercise Dependent Variables c
VO2peak (L.min-1) / 2.9 (2.2) / 2.8 (3.1) / 0.2 (-0.8, 1.2) / 0.217 / 0.2 (-0.8, 1.2)

Data presented as means± SDs. Non-normally distributed data presented as median (range). Mean difference and g were calculated using raw data. TG0, fasting triglyceride; TG240, triglyceride at 240-min of the OFTT; AUC, area under the curve; Fatox0, whole body fat oxidation rate at rest; Fatox(X)XX, whole body fat oxidation rate at (X)XX-min of the OFTT; VO2peak, peak oxidative capacity. a Metabolite readings outside the range of the CardioChek® analyser were entered as the closest limit value for the respective assay. b Adjustment for age, sex, fat mass and baseline reading of the corresponding dependent variable. c Adjustment for age and sex.

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CD36 SNPs, fat tolerance & oral fat preference

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