archived as http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/Radar_01.doc
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note: because important web-sites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was archived from http://pxarchive.tripod.com/tech/radar.html on June 24, 2003. This is NOT an attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned website. Indeed, the reader should only read this back-up copy if it cannot be found at the original author's site.
note: if any <links> below have expired, you can try using the Internet Archives
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Radar Technology
('Radar' is a acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging)
1. http://www.warships1.com/Weapons/WRGER_01.htm
The story of detection and ranging on metallic objects by means of reflected high-frequency radio impulses dates back to April 30, 1904 when the German engineer Christian Hülsmeyer registered German and foreign patents for an apparatus the called the 'Telemobiloscope'.
2. http://www.warships1.com/Weapons/WRGER_02.htm
German Naval Radar
In Germany, it was the Reichsmarine which showed interest in the development of this new ranging device which could "see behind the clouds", although they entered the field of electromagnetic echo-ranging from a totally different direction. As early as 1929, the Nachrichten-Versuchsabteilung (NVA: Communication Trials Department) at Kiel were working on a horizontal sound-plummet capable of detecting submerged targets by measuring returning sound echoes. This was the German forerunner of sonar.
3. http://schoolsite.edex.net.uk/468/radar.htm
World War II - the Chain Home Low Radar
In the 1930s, the government was growing more worried about the situation developing in Europe and decided that some form of warning system was needed as part of the defense of this country. Fortunately as a result of some pioneering work by Hülsmeyer (Germany) and Marconi (Italy), the idea of using the reflection of radio waves to determine the location of distant objects was already being investigated. Appleton had used radio echoes to determine the height of the ionosphere in 1924. And Hülsmeyer had actually proposed a system for ships to use radio waves as a collision avoidance system. Many other scientists were carrying out similar experiments around the World. So radar -- as such -- had many independent births.
4. http://www.klif.demon.co.uk/rafcaa/radio/rdrstone.htm
Birth of Radar (UK) Memorial Stone
It is rare for an inventor to produce something entirely new and original on his own. It will be inspired by something that everyone earlier has failed to notice. But more usually it results from achieving a successful application of the work of earlier pioneers. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) showed that electromagnetic waves in what we term the "radio frequency" band can be reflected, refracted, and focused just like light. In 1904, Christian Huelsmeyer successfully set up his anti-collision Telemobilskop on the Hohenzollern Bridge in Cologne to detect ships passing below. In the 1930s, the French liner Normandie was fitted with an iceberg detector in the form of a radio transmitter and receiver.
5. http://www.radomes.org/acwrons/scripts/radar.cgi
[Description of various Radar types]
6. http://www.maritime.org/wish-mote.htm
[World War II nomenclature systems by Ray Mote, January 6, 1994]
7. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860616.html
Development of Radar
Radar was developed (c.1935-40) independently in several countries as a military instrument for detecting aircraft and ships. One of the earliest practical radar systems was devised (1934–35) by Sir Robert Watson-Watt, a Scots physicist. Although the technology evolved rapidly during World War II, radar improved immensely following the war. The principal advances were higher power outputs, greater receiver sensitivity, and improved timing and signal-processing circuits.
In 1946, radar beams from the Earth were reflected back from the Moon. Radar contact was established with Venus in 1958 and with the Sun in 1959, thereby opening a new field of astronomy -- radar astronomy.
8. http://www.doramusic.com/Radar.htm
Alan Blumlein and Radar Development
EMI and Alan Blumlein were not directly responsible for the invention of Radio Direction Finding (RDF) or Radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging), as it would eventually be known. They did, however, play an increasingly important role in the development and application of certain elements that were used in the original form of the invention as well as the improvement and refinement of H2S, one the most widely used forms of the device. Blumlein's association with the assembly and testing of what became the most effective of all the radar systems used during the Second World War would ultimately cost him his life.
9. http://www.marconicalling.com/museum/html/events/events-i=64-s=2.html
the Earliest Radar Development
Radar was a development rather than an invention and occurred in a number of countries around the same time. The earliest proposed application for "radiolocation" (as it was called before being given the acronym of radar during the Second World War) was to prevent collisions between ships and the first apparatus was patented by Christian Hülsmeyer in 1904. His 'telemobiloscope' was capable of detecting ships at ranges up to 3,000 meters. But it aroused no major interest.
10. http://www.ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/radar/radar_technical.html
Radar Technical Overview
By W.E. Knowles Middleton and Alex Mair
The General Principles of Radar
In 1888, Heinrich Hertz showed that the invisible electromagnetic waves radiated by suitable electrical circuits travel with the speed-of-light. And they are reflected in a similar way. From time-to-time in the succeeding decades, it was suggested that these properties might be used to detect obstacles to navigation. But the first successful experiments that made use of them were in an entirely different context. Namely, to determine the height of the reflecting layers in the upper atmosphere. One of these experiments -- that of Tuve and Breit -- made use of short repeated pulses of radiation. And this technique was employed in most of the developments of radar.
11. http://uboat.net/technical/radar.htm
U-boat Radars
prepared by Emmanuel Gustin
FMG 41G (gU) Seetakt
FuMO 29 Seetakt
The original version of the Seetakt radar was developed by Gema (Gesellschaft fu"r Elektroakustische Mechanische Apparate. A Navy-sponsored firm set up by Admiral Mertens, by coincidence a WWI U-boat commander.) in 1935 as one of the first operational German radars. It operated on 82cm, and its antenna was an array of horizontal or vertical dipoles. Versions of Seetakt were used on land or carried by surface ships such as the Graf Spee and Bismarck.
12. http://uboat.net/technical/detectors.htm
U-boat Radar Detectors
prepared by Emmanuel Gustin
FuMB 1 Metox 600A
Installed in U-boats from August 1942 onwards, this was a receiver tuned to pick up 1.5 meter ASV radar at a safe distance. It was named after its (French!) manufacturer. A Wellington equipped with ASV Mk.I fell into German hands in the summer of 1941 in North Africa. This revealed the secrets of the radar.
13. http://www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/ga_14_3.html
1895 -X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.
1900 - Intensifying screens developed by Thomas Edison.
1901 - German physicist Christian Helsmeyer discovers that radio echoes can prevent collisions.
1913 - "Hot cathode" X-ray tube, W. D. Coolidge.
1915 - French professor P. Langevin develops sonar.
1927 - Radioactive tracers, de Hevesy.
1930 - Rotating anode X-ray tube.
1937 - Electron microscope.
1939 - Henry Boot and John Randall develop resonant-cavity magnetron.
1940 - Radar development begins.
1942 - Demonstration of the detection of ships from the air.
14. http://no11-fighter-group-raf.org/WWII/Radar.htm
The Development of Radar
During World War I, the German zeppelin and Gotha biplane bombing raids on Britain were usually spotted by observers on the ground and fighter patrols in the air. But in the period between World Wars, a specialized type of aircraft known as the 'bomber' was evolving in Europe. As the speed and bomb load of the bomber increased, British politicians of the 1930s became increasingly worried. With Britain being so close to countries on the Continent, they envisioned a scenario where fast bombers would fly the short distance to one of Britain's major cities and attack without being detected. With a shortage of planes and pilots, keeping round-the-clock fighter patrols airborne was next to impossible. Something else had to be done …
15. http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/Electrons6.htm
In the period before World War II, all the major powers were developing radio location systems. The British concentrated on aircraft detection and location while the Germans developed aircraft navigation systems. These devices operated at meter wavelengths.
16. http://www.mtt.org/miscellany/fiftyanniv/cp_04radar.htm
British researchers also developed the most useful version of a vacuum tube called the cavity magnetron. This tube generated hundreds-of-watts of power at microwave frequencies -- enough to produce echoes from objects many miles away. Britain lacked the large-scale manufacturing facilities to mass-produce the magnetron, so one was shipped in secrecy across the Atlantic in 1940 to the U.S. where researchers at the MIT Radiation Laboratory and elsewhere developed many production versions for a wide variety of radar sets used in the War.
17. http://www.danshistory.com/ww2/radar.html
[Some pics and data about German WW II radar systems]
18. http://912a-87.umd.edu/condon/text/s6chap05.htm
Radar and the Observation of UFOs by Roy H. Blackmer, Jr.
Although stressing the detectability of UFOs by radar, this article gives a good background knowledge about how radar systems are operating.
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