Geography Handbook
Maps: Making the Most of Them (pM4 & M5)
map- a drawing, on a flat surface, of a part of the Earth.
•All maps will usually contain this information: title, key, locator map, scale, latitude & longitude, boundaries, & a compass rose.
Title- tells you what kind of information the map contains.
Key- also called a legend, it explains the symbols for the map.
Locator map- relates the area to a larger area.
Maps
•Scale- allows you to tell
distances between places.
Latitude and longitude- tell the exact location.
Boundaries- divides different places.
Compass rose- tells where north is on the map.
•Turn to page 608 & 609. Find the title, key, locator map, scale, latitude & longitude, boundaries, compass rose.
An Inset Map/ Grid
Insets- a main map with one or more smaller maps.
Grid- Evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines which help you locate a particular area on the map.
•Find an inset map in your textbook
•Answer questions p. M6 & M7.
Distance Scalep.M8
•Distances on maps are smaller than the real distances on Earth. Why?
•Distance scale- shows how much smaller the map scale is to its actual size.
•Usually a certain # of inches stands for miles or centimeters for kilometers.
•What is the distance in miles from Kaduna to Port Harcourt? Porto-Novo to N’Djumena? & Benim City to Abuja?
Map Key p. M10
•To use a map you must know what its colors or symbols stand for.
Cartographer- mapmaker
Key- also called a legend.
•Describe the map key on
p. 612 & 613.
•Do you think maps are more accurate today than in the past? Why?
Compass Rose p. M11
Compass rose- is a small drawing that shows directions on a map.
•Its tips point to the 4 cardinal directions (N,S,E, & W). It also shows intermediate directions.
•Intermediate directions- in-between directions (NE, SE, NW, & SW)
•Answer questions “Be a tourists in New Zealand” p. m11.
Latitude p. M12
•You can locate things on earth if you know latitude & longitude.
Equator- the line of latitude that runs around the center of the Earth. (0 degrees).
•Latitude lines show how far north or south of the equator a place is located.
Latitude- lines run in a east/west direction. They are called parallels.
•The Equator divides the Earth into the Northern & Southern Hemispheres.
•Answer questions p. M12
Tropic of Cancer
•The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5 degrees N latitude.
•On June 21 the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer at noon. It marks the first day of summer for the Northern hemisphere. It is the farthest the sun travels north.
Tropic of Capricorn
•The Tropic of Capricorn is located at 23.5 degrees S latitude.
•On December 21 the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn at noon. It marks the first day of winter for the Northern hemisphere. It is the farthest south the sun will travel.
•The tropics is the area from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn.
Longitude p. M13
Longitude- the vertical lines on a map that go from the North Pole to the South Pole. They are also called meridians.
Prime meridian- the starting point for longitude. (Zero degrees)
•The prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England. It is sometimes called the Greenwich Meridian.
•Meridians are counted east & west from the prime meridian. The prime meridian & the international date line divides the Earth into the Western & Eastern Hemisphere.
•Answer questions M13
Latitude & Longitude
•Minutes and Seconds For precision purposes, degrees of longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes (') and seconds ("). There are 60 minutes in each degree. Each minute is divided into 60 seconds. Seconds can be further divided into tenths, hundredths, or even thousandths.
International Date Line p. M13
•International Date Line- halfway around the world from the prime meridian is the 180 degree meridian. This is the point where at
midnight a new day begins.
•If it is Sunday west of the line, it is Saturday to the
east of it.
•Why do you think the line is not straight?
•Answer questions M14
Special Purpose Maps
•The 2 most common kinds of maps are political & physical maps.
Political map- uses color to show nations & states.
Physical map- shows natural features of the land.
Special-purpose maps- have only 1 purpose, such as precipitation, crops or oil.
Precipitation- moisture that falls to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
* Find a political map, physical map, and a special purpose map in you textbook.
Product Map
Product maps- show resources, such as coal, are found where crops, such as cotton, are grown.
•Questions
p. M16
Natural Resource Map
Natural resource map- a map that shows resources from nature (forests, coal, iron, etc.)
Time Zones
•The sun doesn’t hit all parts of the world at the same time. When it is light in 1 part of the world, it is dark in another part.
•The Earth is divided into 24 time zones- one for each hour of the day.
•Time zones often zigzag when they cross land so that people living in the same area have the same times.
•We are in the Eastern Standard Time Zone.
•Questions M19
Daylight Savings Time
•Daylight Saving Time begins at 2:00 a.m. local time on the second Sunday in March.
•On the first Sunday in November areas on Daylight Saving Time return to Standard Time at 2:00 a.m.
•It was Ben Franklin’s idea. He wanted to put the daylight during the summer to better use.
Why Aren’t All Maps of the Same Place Alike?
•It is difficult to show the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map. It is like flattening a ball.
•Parts of the surface will stick up, causing distortions.
•On most maps, the regions near the center are the most accurate. Regions farther away from the center are distorted.
•Compare the size of Greenland & Antarctica on different maps.
Oceans
•There are 5 oceans in the world. The oceans in order from largest to smallest are:
•Pacific
•Atlantic
•Indian
•Southern (new in 2000)
•Arctic
•About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans. About 97% of the Earth’s water is found in the oceans. The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica.
•Continents are the large land masses on the Earth. There are 7 continents in order from largest to smallest are:: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, & Australia.
•Greenland is a part of N. America. It is sometimes called a subcontinent.
Pangea
•One super continent existed about 250 million years ago before they were separated into the current continents.
•Fossil evidence of Pangea includes similar & identical species on continents that are now far apart.
•Amasia is possible future super continent that could be formed in about 250 million years by the merger of America with Asia because of ocean plates. If this happens the Atlantic will be the largest ocean.
Hemispheres
•A hemisphere is a half of a globe. The earth has 4 hemispheres.
•The Equator splits the Earth into the Northern & Southern Hemispheres.
•The Prime Meridian splits the Earth into Western & Eastern Hemispheres.
•Which continent has all 4 hemispheres?