Science Final Study Guide

SCIENCE FINAL STUDY GUIDE:

Define the following

1. Fault- a fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred

1. Epicenter- the place on the surface directly above the focus

1. Focus – the source of an earthquake under the earth

1. Elastic Rebound – causes earthquakes, stress relieved and earth bounces back where there is not any stress.

1. Aftershock – adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake

1. P waves – first waves – move longitudinally- fastest

1. S waves – secondary waves – waves travel through solids only

1. Surface Waves – most destructive waves

1. Richter Scale – scale measuring magnitude of the amplitude of the largest seismic waves

1. Intensity ( Mercalli)- scale that measures intensity ( how much damage)

1. Seismograph – records seismic waves – determines the strength of an earthquake

1. Liquefaction – unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water- earthquakes turn table soil into fluid through this process.

1. Landslide – violent shaking can cause soil and rock on slopes to fail and cause this

1. Crust– thin rocky outer layer of earth

1. Core – center of the earth made of iron and nickel

1. Pangaea – name of earth when it was a supercontinent

1. Divergent Boundary-where new oceanic crust is found , plates move apart

1. Convergent Boundary – 2 plates move together; plates are destroyed at this type of boundary

1. Transform Fault Boundary – plates grind past early other without destroying or producing lithosphere.

1. Convection Currents (uneven distribution of heat) – thermal convection that drives plate movement

1. Pyroclastic materials – particles produced in volcanic eruptions

1. Caldera – top bowl shaped structure on top of volcano

1. Cinder Cone – type of volcano built almost entirely of ejected lava fragments

1. Shield Cone–broad dome shaped volcanoes in Hawaii

1. Composite Cone – volcanoes has layers of lava and pyroclastic deposits “most explosive volcanoes”

1. Ring of Fire – place where most of the active volcanoes are located

1. What pieces of evidence did Wegener use to support his continental drift hypothesis?

1. Why was the continental drift hypothesis not accepted for a long time?

1. How fast dothe lithospheric plates move per year in cm?

1. Describe the age of the seafloor as you move outward from a mid-ocean ridge. Gets older

1. Rock Cycle – name the 3 types of rocks that are recycled throughout time.

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

1. Igneous Rock – Rock which is molten magma and cools

1. Metamorphic Rock – type of rock from high pressure and high temps

1. Sedimentary Rock – rock formed from compaction and cementation

1. What type of rock is formed from sediment- sedimentary

1. During an Earthquake the ground surfaces moves in what direction? ALL

1. Major fault line in San Francisco. – San Andreas

1. Continenal Drift – hypothesis that states the continents were once joined.

1. Evidence that supports Wegeners hypothesis : Fossils on different continents

1. Lithosphereic plates move how fast/year in cm. 5 cm/yr

1. How does the age of sea floor change as it moves away from ocean ridge? Gets older

1. Most explosive volcano – composite

1. Magma forms when solid rocks do this. -- melts

1. These type of volcanoes form islands. --- shield

1. The amount of shaking at a given location produced by earthquakes - intensity

1. What is the amount of increase from a 5.4 eq to a 6.4 eq. 10 times

1. Which layer of the earth would s waves not travel through. Outer core, lower mantle