REDESIGN

Unit II: Test Review

*It will benefit you to look for these terms, concepts, and themes in the Redbook and in Barron’s.

*Finally, this list is meant to serve as a guide. Make sure you keep up with your reading and study your notes.

Overview:

In the first part of this unit, we looked at the “religious” revolution that occurred in Europe during the 16th century. The Reformation, which began with Martin Luther during the early 1500s, eventually had profound political and social effects on Europe. In that sense, it was a continuation of the transition to the modern era.

In the second part of this unit, we looked at the religious wars that occurred during the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. No longer were religious conflicts confined to central Europe and a struggle for Lutheran rights. After the Peace of Augsburg (which made Lutheranism a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire), the Calvinist struggle for recognition was extended to France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. Often, the motives of nobles who converted to Calvinism were just as political as they were religious. This “illegal” Protestant religion gave political resistance against Catholic monarchs justification and inspiration. Ultimately, the last war of religion, the Thirty Years’ War, was fought more for greed and political gain than religious reasons. As such, these wars changed not only the religious, but also the political contours of Europe.

  1. political and social conflicts in Europe on the eve of the Reformation
  2. groups that perceived in the Protestant movement an ally
  3. criticisms of the Catholic Church
  4. benefice system
  5. indulgences
  6. immunity of person & immunity of place
  7. reasons why the church was not able to suppress dissent and criticism (as it had in the past)
  8. reasons why the Reformation began in Germany (the Holy Roman Empire)
  9. Albrecht of Mainz & John Tetzel
  10. Luther’s two main criticism of the Catholic Church
  11. 95 Theses (Wittenberg)
  12. “justification (salvation) by faith alone”
  13. the Bible as the ultimate interpretation of Christian doctrine
  14. Charles V and the Habsburgs
  15. reasons Charles V had difficulty responding to the Reformation
  16. Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, & Freedom of a Christian
  17. Diet of Worms & the Edict of Worms (1521)
  18. John Frederick of Saxony
  19. reasons why Luther denounced the Peasants’ Revolt (1524-1525)
  20. reasons the Lutheran Reformation spread
  21. Diet of Augsburg (1530) and the Smalkaldic League
  22. the religious and political ramifications of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)—cuius regio, eius religio
  23. Ulrich Zwingli
  24. the “Scripture Test”
  25. reason the Marburg Colloquy failed
  26. transubstantiation
  27. beliefs of the Anabaptists
  28. John Calvin (Institutes of the Christian Religion)
  29. predestination & “the elect”
  30. Calvinism’s connection with capitalism (“The Protestant Work Ethic”)
  31. characteristics of Calvin’s Geneva
  32. Henry VIII (“Defender of the Faith”)
  33. the “Reformation Parliament”
  34. Thomas Cranmer
  35. Act of Supremacy (1534)
  36. Henry’s “conservative” Protestantism (Six Articles of 1539)
  37. Edward VI and a truly Protestant England
  38. Act of Uniformity (1549), Book of Common Prayer, Second Act of Uniformity (1552)
  39. The Counter-Reformation
  40. Ignatius of Loyola (Spiritual Exercises) & the accomplishments of the Jesuits
  41. St. Teresa of Avila
  42. reforms made by the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
  43. the “Black Legend” & Bartolome de Las Casas
  44. Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin as “magisterial reformers”
  45. differences between religious practices of the 15th century and those of the 16th century
  46. influences of the Protestant Reformation on education
  47. ways in which the Protestant Reformation improved the situation of women
  48. reasons Calvinism appealed to the nobility
  49. politique
  50. characteristics of Baroque Art/Mannerism/which did Church prefer and why
  51. Peter Paul Rubens, Bernini, El Greco
  52. strongholds of Calvinism (countries where the religion became an influential force)
  53. the Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises
  54. the Huguenots
  55. Catherine de Medicis
  56. The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and Protestant Resistance Theory
  57. reasons Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) was a politique
  58. Edict of Nantes
  59. reasons Philip II was the most powerful monarch of the second half of the 16th century
  60. reasons Spain wanted to control the Netherlands
  61. William of Orange
  62. The Compromise (1564)
  63. The Duke of Alba & the “Council of Troubles”
  64. The Spanish Fury & the Pacification of Ghent
  65. The Apology
  66. reasons Elizabeth I was a politique
  67. Act of Supremacy (1559) & Act of Uniformity (1559)
  68. characteristics of Elizabeth’s Anglican Church
  69. reasons the Puritans were unhappy with the Anglican Church
  70. reasons the Congregationalists were unhappy with the Anglican Church
  71. Elizabeth’s responses to the religious minorities in England
  72. execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (Babington Plot)
  73. defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
  74. the Thirty Years’ War (who fought and why)
  75. 4 Periods
  76. Defenestration of Prague
  77. Albrecht of Wallenstein
  78. Edict of Restitution
  79. Cardinal Richelieu
  80. Peace of Prague
  81. terms of the Treaty of Westphalia