REDESIGN
Unit II: Test Review
*It will benefit you to look for these terms, concepts, and themes in the Redbook and in Barron’s.
*Finally, this list is meant to serve as a guide. Make sure you keep up with your reading and study your notes.
Overview:
In the first part of this unit, we looked at the “religious” revolution that occurred in Europe during the 16th century. The Reformation, which began with Martin Luther during the early 1500s, eventually had profound political and social effects on Europe. In that sense, it was a continuation of the transition to the modern era.
In the second part of this unit, we looked at the religious wars that occurred during the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. No longer were religious conflicts confined to central Europe and a struggle for Lutheran rights. After the Peace of Augsburg (which made Lutheranism a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire), the Calvinist struggle for recognition was extended to France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. Often, the motives of nobles who converted to Calvinism were just as political as they were religious. This “illegal” Protestant religion gave political resistance against Catholic monarchs justification and inspiration. Ultimately, the last war of religion, the Thirty Years’ War, was fought more for greed and political gain than religious reasons. As such, these wars changed not only the religious, but also the political contours of Europe.
- political and social conflicts in Europe on the eve of the Reformation
- groups that perceived in the Protestant movement an ally
- criticisms of the Catholic Church
- benefice system
- indulgences
- immunity of person & immunity of place
- reasons why the church was not able to suppress dissent and criticism (as it had in the past)
- reasons why the Reformation began in Germany (the Holy Roman Empire)
- Albrecht of Mainz & John Tetzel
- Luther’s two main criticism of the Catholic Church
- 95 Theses (Wittenberg)
- “justification (salvation) by faith alone”
- the Bible as the ultimate interpretation of Christian doctrine
- Charles V and the Habsburgs
- reasons Charles V had difficulty responding to the Reformation
- Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, & Freedom of a Christian
- Diet of Worms & the Edict of Worms (1521)
- John Frederick of Saxony
- reasons why Luther denounced the Peasants’ Revolt (1524-1525)
- reasons the Lutheran Reformation spread
- Diet of Augsburg (1530) and the Smalkaldic League
- the religious and political ramifications of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)—cuius regio, eius religio
- Ulrich Zwingli
- the “Scripture Test”
- reason the Marburg Colloquy failed
- transubstantiation
- beliefs of the Anabaptists
- John Calvin (Institutes of the Christian Religion)
- predestination & “the elect”
- Calvinism’s connection with capitalism (“The Protestant Work Ethic”)
- characteristics of Calvin’s Geneva
- Henry VIII (“Defender of the Faith”)
- the “Reformation Parliament”
- Thomas Cranmer
- Act of Supremacy (1534)
- Henry’s “conservative” Protestantism (Six Articles of 1539)
- Edward VI and a truly Protestant England
- Act of Uniformity (1549), Book of Common Prayer, Second Act of Uniformity (1552)
- The Counter-Reformation
- Ignatius of Loyola (Spiritual Exercises) & the accomplishments of the Jesuits
- St. Teresa of Avila
- reforms made by the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- the “Black Legend” & Bartolome de Las Casas
- Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin as “magisterial reformers”
- differences between religious practices of the 15th century and those of the 16th century
- influences of the Protestant Reformation on education
- ways in which the Protestant Reformation improved the situation of women
- reasons Calvinism appealed to the nobility
- politique
- characteristics of Baroque Art/Mannerism/which did Church prefer and why
- Peter Paul Rubens, Bernini, El Greco
- strongholds of Calvinism (countries where the religion became an influential force)
- the Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises
- the Huguenots
- Catherine de Medicis
- The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and Protestant Resistance Theory
- reasons Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) was a politique
- Edict of Nantes
- reasons Philip II was the most powerful monarch of the second half of the 16th century
- reasons Spain wanted to control the Netherlands
- William of Orange
- The Compromise (1564)
- The Duke of Alba & the “Council of Troubles”
- The Spanish Fury & the Pacification of Ghent
- The Apology
- reasons Elizabeth I was a politique
- Act of Supremacy (1559) & Act of Uniformity (1559)
- characteristics of Elizabeth’s Anglican Church
- reasons the Puritans were unhappy with the Anglican Church
- reasons the Congregationalists were unhappy with the Anglican Church
- Elizabeth’s responses to the religious minorities in England
- execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (Babington Plot)
- defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
- the Thirty Years’ War (who fought and why)
- 4 Periods
- Defenestration of Prague
- Albrecht of Wallenstein
- Edict of Restitution
- Cardinal Richelieu
- Peace of Prague
- terms of the Treaty of Westphalia