BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION1 / Name of the Candidate
and Address /
SHAIKH MOHAMMADRAHIL GULAMFARID
SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND RESEARCH CENTER,PANDESHWAR,
MANGALORE-575001
2 /
Name of the Institute
/ SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND RESEARCH CENTER, MANGALORE.3 /
Course of Study and
Subject / Master of Physiotherapy (MPT)2 years Degree Course,
“Musculoskeletal Disorders and Sports”
4 /Date of Admission
To Course / 09.02.20105 /
Title of the Topic
/ “EFFECT OF TWO PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAMS OF DIFFERENT INTENSITY ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE IN COLLEGIATE LEVEL BASKETBALL PLAYERS”6.
7. /
BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:Plyometric training is a system of high velocity resistance
training characterized by a rapid eccentric contraction
during which the muscle elongates followed by a rapid reversal of movement with a resisted shortening contraction of the muscle. The rapid eccentric loading phase is the stretch cycle & the concentric phase is the shortening cycle. The period of time
between the stretch & shortening cycle is known as the amortization phase, which is kept very brief by a rapid reversal
of movements to capitalize on the increased tension in the muscle.1
It uses the natural elastic components of muscle & the myotatic reflex to produce a more powerful muscular response.2
Plyometric training has been established as a training method that improves the muscle-tendon unit’s ability to tolerate stretch loads & the efficiency of stretch-shorten cycle.3,4
Basketball is one of the most popular team sport extensively played and viewed all over the world. Through time,
basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing, dribbling, including player’s position as well
as offensive and defensive structures. Basketball player needs good fitness, flexibility, power, strength, agility, endurance and
vertical jumping ability to achieve sporting targets.5
Less consensus exists on the use of plyometric traditional training factors & their interaction such as programme duration, frequency, recovery time, volume & intensity 6. Training programme durations & frequencies vary considerably7, longer resting intervals may have been unnecessary 8 . Volume is usually defined as foot contacts or time spent performing the exercise, while intensity
is usually based on practical recommendations or anecdotal recommendations 9 . In addition, when drop jumps are included
in the programme, the drop height becomes an additional
factor10,11. To design successful plyometric training programme,
it is important that the effects of these variables are better understood 6.
Training should aim to prepare the athlete for an event
& should not in itself constitute a high risk of injury to the
Participant 12 . Injury incidence for basketball players has been
reported at 3.5 injuries per 10,000 hour participation for males
& 4.9 injuries per 10,000 hour participation for females. These
injuries include those from conditioning, overuse, traumatic
contact & deceleration non contact episodes 13 .
Intensity, in particular impacts on plyometric training in two ways. On one hand , it is a crucial programme design parameter, as ssc ( stretch-shorten cycle ) is primarily based
on fast, explosive movements that fully utilize the elastic recoil
of the muscle-tendon unit14,15 . On the other hand, the intensity
involved in plyometrics places significant stress on the musculoskeletal system16.
The positive effects of plyometric training on vertical jump performance are well documented5,6,17,18,19,20 but very few researches have been done to develop the safe and effective short term plyometric training program. As plyometric training is primarily based on fast explosive movements & it places significant stress on the musculoskeletal system athletes are more prone to get injured. It is crucial therefore, to examine whether intensity manipulation in short term plyometric training programmes elicits additional benefits or the athletes are unnecessarily subjected to higher musculoskeletal stresses & increased injury likelihood.
Therefore, the purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of two plyometric training programmes of 6 week’s
duration on vertical jumping performance, by increasing the intensity on one group while maintaining it constant on the other in collegiate level male basketball players.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
1. John S. and saluja I. (2009) studied the effect of plyometric training program and dynamic stretching on vertical jump & agility in male collegiate basketball players and concluded plyometric training significantly improves the vertical jump performance in collegiate level male basketball players 5 .
2. Bampouras T., Jones P. et al (2008) studied the effect of two plyometric training prrogrammes of different intensity in highschool athletes and concluded short period of plyopmetric training can enhance explosive power & reactive strength ability in young adolescent participants, however the manipulation of intensity of exercises in programme design is less significant than the intervention itself 21 .
3. Goran Markovic (2007) did meta-analytical review of the studies on plyometric training & concluded that plyometric training provides both statistically significant & practically relevant improvement in vertical jump height of healthy individuals 7 .
4. Jensen R.L.& Ebben W.P. (2007) studied to quantify a plyometric exercises based on forces placed upon the knee & concluded that there are quantitative differences between plyometric exercises in the rate of force development during landing & the forces placed on the knee 9 .
5. Read M.M. & Cisar C. (2001) studied the effects of varied rest interval lengths on the vertical jump heights & ground reaction forces during the execution of a depth jump from a predetermined optimal height & concluded that 15 second rest interval was sufficient for recovery during the performance of depth jumps 8 .
6. Fatouros I.G., Jamurtas A.Z. et al (2000) studied theeffects of three different training protocols-plyometric training, weight training, and their combination-on selected parameters of vertical jump performance and leg strength &concluded that use of a combination of traditional and Olympic style weightlifting exercise & plyometric drills are effective to improve vertical jumping ability & explosive performance in general 6 .
7. Daniel J. Gehri, Mark D. Richard et al (1998) had done the study to determine which plyometric training technique is best for improving vertical jumping ability & concluded twelve week plyometric training program using either depth jump or countermovement jump training significantly improves vertical jumping ability 20 .
8. Bobbert M.F., Huijijng P.A. et al (1987) Studied the Biomechanical analysis of drop and countermovement jumps & concluded dropping height should be limited to 20 cm or 40 cm when investigating training effects of the execution of bounce drop jump 25 .
6.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
· To test the effectiveness of plyometric training program of constant intensity on vertical jump performance in collegiate level basketball players.
· To test the effectiveness of plyometric training program of increasing intensity on vertical jump performance in collegiate level basketball players.
· To compare the effectiveness of two plyometric training programmes of different intensity on vertical jump performance in collegiate level basketball players.
6.4 HYPOTHESIS:
Experimental hypothesis:
1. There will be no significant difference in the effectiveness of two plyometric training programmes of different intensity on vertical jump performance in collegiate level basketball players.
2. There will be significant improvement in vertical jump performance in both constant & increasing intensity plyometric training program in collegiate level basketball players.
Null hypothesis:
1. There will be significant difference in the effectiveness of two plyometric training programmes of different intensity on vertical jumping performance in collegiate level basketball players.
2. There will be no significant improvement in vertical jump performance in both constant & increasing intensity plyometric training program in collegiate level basketball players.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA:
Collegiate level male basketball players between the ages of 18 to 25 years will be taken from following centers:
(1)Dakshina kannada district basketball association,mangalore
(2) SAI, Gandhinagar.
(3)Various colleges in and around Mangalore and Ahmedabad.
7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION
Total subjects will be 40.
Sampling : Convenient Sampling
Inclusion criteria :
· College level male basketball players between the ages of 18 – 25.
· Subjects who complete plyometric static stability testing & dynamic movement testing 22
Static stability testing :
Single leg stance : 30 sec , eyes open & closed
Single leg quarter squat : 30 sec, eyes open & closed
Single leg half squat : 30 sec , eyes open & closed
Dynamic movement testing :
Ability to long jump a distance equal to the
individual’s height.
Exclusion criteria:
· Individuals with recent history/any musculoskeletal,
neurological or cardiorespiratory impairments
· Pathological condition of spine, hip,knee & pelvis
· Traumatic condition in past 6 months
· Inflammation or pain
Materials:
· Chalk powder
· Meter tape
· Bench (0.4 meter )
· Box (0.4 meter )
Method :
A written consent will be taken from the subjects who fulfill the inclusion & exclusion criteria.20 subjects will be taken in each group.
Group1:Constant intensity plyometric training program
Group 2:Increasing intensity plyometric training program
Pretest measurement of vertical jump height of all the subjects will be done by sergeant jump test .
Sergeant jump test : The player stands side on to a wall , put some chalk powder on his fingertips.then he reaches up with the hand closest to the wall.keeping the feet flat on the ground,the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. The athlete then stands away from the wall, and jumps vertically as high as possible using both arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The difference between the reach height and jump height is the score. The best of three attempts is recorded5,23,24.
Plyometric training programm21,26 :
weeks / Group 1:Constant intensity group / Group 2:Increasing intensity group
1 &2 / tuck jumps(2×10),
alternate leg bounds(2×10),
split jump(2×15),
scissors jump(2×20).
(60-90 sec recoveries between sets) / Pogo jumps(2×15),
Rocket jumps(2×25),
Star jumps(2×20),
Squat jumps(2×10).
(30-60 sec recoveries between sets)
3&4 / tuck jumps(2×10),
alternate leg bounds(2×10),
split jump(2×15),
scissors jump(2×20).
(60-90 sec recoveries between sets) / tuck jumps(2×10),
alternate leg bounds(2×10),
split jump(2×15),
scissors jump(2×20).
(60-90 sec recoveries between sets)
5&6 / tuck jumps(2×10),
alternate leg bounds(2×10),
split jump(2×15),
scissors jump(2×20).
(60-90 sec recoveries between sets) / Depth jumps(2×10),
Box jumps(multilple response) (2×10),
Box skip(2×10),
Lateral bound(multiple response)(2×10).
(5-10 sec between repetetions & 120-180 sec between sets)
Table 1 : the training protocols for the increasing and constant intensity plyometric training groups. The exercises are prescribed as sets × foot contacts. The platforms used in all plyometric drills will be 0.4 meter in height25.
Duration : 6 weeks
Frequency : twice a week
Surface : grass surface 25
Footwear : shoes that offer good support & provide some cushion for shock absorption 25
A standardized 10 minute warm-up consisting of light jogging , lower limb muscle stretching & some practice jumps wiil be done by all subjects before starting a training programme 21.
Group 1 : Constant intensity plyometric training
Non varied plyometric training programme of moderate volume / moderate intensity ( 1-6 weeks ). Specfic details of the training programme are outlined in the table.
Tuck jumps : Assume a comfortable upright stance , placing the hands palms down at chest height. Begin by rapidly dipping down to about the quarter squat level & immediately explode upward. Drive the knees high toward the chest and attempt to touch them to the palms of the hands. Upon landing, repeat the sequence , each time driving the knees upward & tucking the feet under the body. Perform multiple responses at a rapid rate with minimal ground contact.
Alternate leg bounds : Assume a comfortable stance with one foot slightly ahead of the other as to initiate a step ; arms should be relaxed at the sides. Begin by pushing off with the back leg, driving the knee forward & upward to gain as much height & distance as possible before landing.repeat the sequence ( driving with the other leg ) upon landing. Keep the ankle locked in dorsiflexion & the heel up under the hips to reduce the ground-contact time & promote efficient hip projection upon subsequent takeoff. Either block with the arms in a contralateral motion , as with normal running or execute a double arm swing.
Split jump : Assume a stance with one leg extended forward with the knee over the midpoint of the foot and the other leg back with the knee bent and underneath the plumb line of the hips and shoulders. Jump as high and straight up as possible. Block with the arms to gain additional lift. Upon landing, retain the spread-legged position, bending the knees to absorb the shock. It is important to keep the shoulders back and in line with the hips to maintain proper stability. Perform again in same manner with the opposite leg forward.
Scissors jump : The beginning stance is the same as that of the split jump. The initial movement of the scissors jump is identical to that of the split jump. However, at the apex of the jump, reverse the position of the legs, that is , front to back and back to front. Switching the legs occurs in midair, and you must do it quickly before landing.
Group 2 : increasing intensity plyometric training
Varied intensity plyometric training programme of high volume/low intensity( 1& 2 week),moderate volume/moderate intensity(3 & 4 week) and low volume/high intensity(5 & 6 week). Specific details of the training programme are outlined in the table.
High volume/low intensity ( 1 & 2 week ) :
Pogo jump : Take an upright stance with knees slightly bent, chest out, and shoulders back. Begin by emphasizing a vertical takeoff, projecting the hips upward for height, using only the lower portion of the legs. Use the arms and shoulders in an upward blocking fashion. Emphasize slight flexion and extension of the knee, and more flexion of the ankle and foot. Upon takeoff, the ankle must lock the foot into toes-up position(dorsiflexion),maintaining this locked position throughout to ensure sturdy contacts and quick, elastic takeoffs.
Rocket jump : Assume a relaxed, upright stance with feet about shoulder-width apart. Slightly flex the arms and hold them close to the body. Begin by flexing downward to a half-squat position; immediately check this downward movement and explode from this takeoff position upward as high as possible, extending the whole body vertically. As the body descends, flex the joints so the body is again poised in takeoff position upon landing.