HISTORY BEHIND BIOTECHNOLOGY
/- A common misconception is the thought that biotechnology is relatively new because it only involves working with DNA and genetic engineering. Biotechnology is ______--humans have been ______to solve problems and ______their way of life for______.
- The origins of biotechnology date back nearly ______to early agrarian societies in which people______for planting the next year. There is evidence that ______used these same selective breeding practices for______.
- As far back as______, people produced beer, wine and bread using ______, a natural process in which the biological activity of one-celled organisms plays a critical role.
- By ______, the Chinese were using ______for making yogurt, ______for making cheese and ______for making wine vinegar.
- By ______, plant-collecting expeditions became quite common across the globe. The collections led to the ______. Plants with desirable traits, including resistance to disease, were stored for future breeding purposes.
- ______was a Russian plant geneticist and agronomist who initiated a comprehensive research and breeding program that included a logical plan for ______management.
- The end of the 19th century was a milestone in biology. Microorganisms were discovered, as well as pasteurization. ______began the study of genetics using seeds and plant experiments.
- The term "biotechnology" was coined in ______, a Hungarian engineer. At that time, the term meant all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.
- Biotechnology brought ______together at the beginning of the 20th century. Fermentation processes were developed that produced ______from starch and ______to be used on automobiles.
- Between 1930 and 1952, researchers focused their effort on the relationship of ______. They found a direct relationship between ______of a gene and the ______in a protein.
- The discovery of ______during World War II led to the focus of pharmaceuticals. The "Cold War" years were dominated by work with ______in preparation for possible ______and the production of more ______.
- The final threshold to modern molecular biology was crossed in ______with the discovery of the structure of DNA by ______. Experiments by many other scientists soon followed to determine how the information in the gene is decoded and expressed.
- The accumulated knowledge of cell structure, biochemistry, and heredity opened the door to modern molecular biology and biotechnology. In ______, a plan for mapping and sequencing the human genome was planned. This is the ______and its goal was to discover all of the human genes by the year 2003.