The Three Stages Of

The Three Stages of

Reconstruction

Directions: To successfully complete the following chart you must:

1)Read the following pages from your textbook for an overview of the time period: pages 376-382, 385-386, 391-395 and 398-401.THIS MUST BE DONE BEFORE YOU OPEN THE REST OF THE PACKET!

2)Complete the charts by defining all boldedterms and answering all questions.

3)THIS MUST BE DONE INDEPENDENTLY. Notes must be in your own handwriting to be used for any RANT activities.

4)All work for each stage must be completed according to the online schedule.

Stage I: / Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
Individual responsible:
Abraham Lincoln / Why did Lincoln feel he had authority to control reconstruction?
He felt the Southern States had no constitution right to secede – Therefore, secession did not occur and the states were simply in rebellion and not a new country. Under the Constitution, the executive branch has authority to stop a rebellion.
The “Plan”:
What was the name of the plan?
The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction or
“The 10% Plan” / Name all parts of Lincoln’s plan.
-pardon all confederates (except high-ranking officials and war criminals) who would swear allegiance.
-after 10% of a confederate state swears allegiance – it could form a new government and regain representation in Congress.
-acceptance of the 13th Amendment
13th Amendment -
Officially abolish slavery in the United States – It was passed by Congress in Feb. 1865 and ratified by the states on Dec. 6
Opposition to the “Plan”:
What was the name of the Congressional plan? / Thaddeus Stevens and Radical Republicans -
( see posted PowerPoint)
Name all parts of the Wade-Davis Bill.
(see posted PowerPoint)
What stopped the bill from becoming law?
(see posted PowerPoint)
Results of the “Plan”: / Name four states moving towards readmission prior to April 1865.
Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Virginia
This plan was never put into action because of an event that occurred on April 14, 1865.
What happened?Lincoln was Assassinated
Did this hurt or help the former Confederate states? Explain. Hurts them – Lincoln would have been the most lenient on the re-admission of Southern States
Stage I: / Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
Individual responsible:
Andrew Johnson / Who was Andrew Johnson?
Former Tennessee Democrat who was chosen by Lincoln to be his Vice-President during his second term. Johnson was not trusted by Northern Republicans because he was a former slaveowner and former Democrat. He is hated by Southerners because he was seen as a traitor.
The “Plan”: / What conditions did Southern States need to fulfill before they could be admitted under Johnson’s plan.
Same as Lincoln’s plan except:
-States needed to withdraw their acts of secession
-Swear allegiance (10%)
-Forgive all war debt
-Ratify the 13th amendment
Was this plan more harsh or lenient than Lincoln’s plan? Explain.
A little more harsh
Opposition to the “Plan”: / Explain how each of the following represents Radical Republican opposition to Andrew Johnson’s plan.
1)Continuation of the Freedmen’s Bureauthe Freedmen’s Bureau was originally established at the end of the war to assist former slaves and poor whites in the South with basic essentials of life (clothing, food and shelter). In 1866 – Congress expanded the Bureau to include building hospitals and schools (primary, secondary, and colleges)
2)Civil Rights Act of 1866Congress passed a law that gave Freedmen citizenship and freedom from discrimination in the laws
3)14th Amendment – proposed by Congress made “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” to be citizens. This would entitle everyone (including Freedmen) to “equal protection under the law” and could not be “deprived life, liberty or property without due process under the law”
How did Andrew Johnson respond to these Congressional actions?Vetoed
Results of the “Plan”: / Name the states that were re-admitted under Johnson’s Plan?All except Texas
What were Black Codes?Very restrictive laws passed in the South. These laws were meant to severely restrict the lives of the Freedmen – effectively re-instituting slavery through legal measures. According to these black codes – Freedmen could not: carry weapons, serve on juries, testify against whites, interracial marriage, traveling without specific permits or own land. These laws were enforced through both official and unofficial measures – violence and intimidation were readily employed to stop Freedmen from advancing in Southern societies.
Stage II: / Congressional or “Radical” Reconstruction (1867-1877)
Individual responsible: / Why were Radical Republicans considered “radical?” They opposed the president from their own party –Their views of racial equality and strongly advocacy for African-American citizenship and voting rights was seen as an extreme viewpoint for the time period.
Why did Congress believe they had authority to control reconstruction?If the Southern States had truly seceded from the Union then they should be considered new territories – According to the Constitution, only Congress had the authority to admit new territory to the Union.
The “Plan”:
Reconstruction Act of 1867 / Name all the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867.
1) Abolished all the governments established in the former Confederate States (except TN)
2) Divided the former Confederate States into five military districts run by a Union General.
3) To be re-admitted – a Southern states had to write a constitution allowing African-American men the right to vote and to ratify the 14th Amendment
Describe the following:
1) 15th Amendment:Strengthened African-American male voting rights – no one could be denied the right to vote due to “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
2) Enforcement Act of 1870:Provided Congress and the President power to protect African-American voting rights by punishing those who tried to stop or intimidate others from voting.(like the KKK)
3) Civil Rights Act of 1875:Provided African-Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation and right to serve on a jury.
Opposition to the “Plan”: / How did Andrew Johnson respond to the Radical Reconstruction plans? Why was his efforts ineffective?Johnson attempted to veto each of these Acts of Congress. After the election of 1866 put a 2/3 majority of Republicans into office, Congress had enough votes of override many of Johnson’s veto attempts.
How was Andrew Johnson’s impeachment politically motivated?Congress was afraid that Johnson would not carry out and enforce the Reconstruction laws that they passed. They constructed a scenario where Johnson would disobey the newly passed Tenure of Office Act (1867) and they would have grounds to impeach and remove him from office
Results of the “Plan”: / Define the following groups:
Scalawags-White Southerners who supported Reconstruction and joined the Republican Party. This was a negative term used by Southern Democrats to vilify supporters of Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers-Negative term used to describe any Northerner who moved to the South during Reconstruction. They were viewed as corrupt opportunists without regard for their individual motivations or intentions.
Ku Klux Klan-Terrorist group organized by former Confederate veterans (Nathan Bedford Forrest) in Tennessee in 1866 – goal was to restore white supremacy over the South and its governments. Used violence and intimidation to convince African-Americans to forget their newfound freedom and scalawags.carpetbaggers to abandon the Republican Party.
Stage III: / Home Rule (1877)
Individual responsible: / Who gained control of Reconstruction after 1877?White Southern Democrats
Who were the “redeemers”?White Southern Democrats who pledged to “redeem” the honor of the South by returning power to white Southerners by ending Reconstruction policies
The “Plan”: / What role did the Compromise of 1877 play in ending Congressional Reconstruction?
After the controversial Election of 1876 where Tilden and Hayes ended virtually tied – The Compromise of 1877 gave the Presidency to Hayes and the Republican Party in exchange for the removal of troops in the five military districts (and other considerations)
As a result of Home Rule, what happened to the reforms enacted because of the reconstruction?
The redeemers sought to reverse all of the gains made by the “mismanaged and corrupt” Reconstruction governments.
LACK of Opposition?: / How did the Supreme Court begin to undo “Radical Reconstruction?”
1873 Slaughterhouse Cases – most civil rights were jurisdiction of the states, not the federal government (not in Art I, Sec. 8) – this limited the 14th Amendment.
1876 US v. Cruikshank – 14th Amendment did not give power to punish whites who opposed African-Americans and therefore the Enforcement Acts were also limited
1876 US v Reese – 15th amendment did not give anyone the right to vote, but simply listed how the right could NOT be limited. This opened the door to other types of limitations
1896 Plessey v. Ferguson That individual states could legally segregate public accommodations, facilities and transportation under the doctrine of “separate but equal.” This case severely limited the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and became the basis of Jim Crow laws that would last for nearly 50 years
Why did Northerners no longer support reconstruction by 1876-1877?
Stevens and Sumner were dead
Economic Panic of 1873
Corruption and scandals plagued the Grant Administration
Violence against reconstruction policies began to turn public opinion against the policies not the violence
Industrial and Western Expansion grabbed the attention of many Northerners
Results of the “Plan”: / How did the gains for African-Americans during Reconstruction limited during Home Rule?
Sharecropping- system of labor where a landowner divides the land among a group of workers. The workers live and work on the land. At harvest time, the worker pays the owner a “share” of the crops as rent. The contract that governed the owner/worker relationship often made this system look very similar to the conditions of slavery
Poll Taxes- a tax paid in order to be able to vote
Literacy Tests- a test to determine if a person would be eligible to vote
Grandfather Clauses–measures that exempted individuals “whose grandfathers could vote” from having to pay a tax or pass a test in order to vote.
Stage II: / Congressional or “Radical” Reconstruction (1867-1877) ADDITIONAL NOTES
Individual responsible:
The “Plan”:
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Opposition to the “Plan”:
Results of the “Plan”:
Stage I: / Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) ADDITIONAL NOTES
Individual responsible:
Abraham Lincoln
The “Plan”:
What was the name of the plan?
Opposition to the “Plan”:
What was the name of the Congressional plan?
Results of the “Plan”:
Stage I: / Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) ADDITIONAL NOTES
Individual responsible:
Andrew Johnson
The “Plan”:
Opposition to the “Plan”:
Results of the “Plan”:
Stage III: / Home Rule (1877) ADDITIONAL NOTES
Individual responsible:
The “Plan”:
LACK of Opposition?:
Results of the “Plan”: