REVIEW GUIDE: ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS (PART II), LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE, & CIVILIZATIONS AT CROSSROADS
The Era of Western Hegemony, 1750-1900
The Enlightenment: What was it?/Philosophers + key ideas for each: John Locke, Francois Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu
Atlantic Revolutions (1775-1830): American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of
independent states in the US, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled
against their monarchy.
· Order of Atlantic Revolutions: American, French, Latin American (Haitian, Spanish America, Brazil)
· Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
· Causes & Effects
· Toussaint L’Ouverture + role?
· Slave resistance challenged existing imperial authorities or elites in the Americas
· Why was the Haitian Revolution feared by Creole elites in Latin America?
Latin American Revolutions (1810-c1822)
· Motivations for Latin American Revolutions?
· How did the Napoleonic Wars in Western Europe set in motion the Latin American Revolutions?
· LA Revolutionary Leaders: Mexico: Hidalgo & Iturbide/Northern South America: Bolivar/Southern South America: San Martin/Brazil: Dom Pedro I
o Most LA Revolutionary leaders were landowning creoles
· How did Brazil’s independence differ from the rest of LA?
· What was the nature of these new LA governments?
o Who held suffrage rights in LA nations?
Latin America After Independence, c1820-c1910
· Problems facing new LA nation states?: weak democratic republics/liberals vs. conservatives/federalists vs. centralists/monarchists vs. anti-monarchists/caudillos/economic dependency on W.Eur & USA/foreign intervention in LA affairs/civil war/poverty
· Who were “caudillos”?
· Examples of major raw material exports from LA nations + From which nation did major products originate?
· Define key political concepts and points of disagreement: Liberals & Conservatives/Centralists & Federalists
· What was the status of Native Americans (Indians) in these new LA nations?
· Compare/contrast features of Brazil after independence w/other LA nations
· What happened to slavery in the new Spanish nation states of LA?
· What factors motivated the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888?
· Mexico as case study for a new Latin American nations:
o Problems/US involvement/Benito Juarez & “La Reforma”/caudillos/Porfirio Diaz/Economic structure
· USA’s growing role in LA by the late 1800s?
o Manifest Destiny, Monroe Doctrine, Mexican-American War à Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 (Results?), Spanish-American War, 1898 (Results?), Panama Canal, “Banana Republics”, investment in railroads
Societies at Crossroads: Responding to the West & Industrialization
Ottomans
· Identify major internal and external problems the Ottoman Empire faced by the early 1800s?
· Ottomans = multicultural empire
· How did industrialization in Western Europe undermine the Ottoman economy?
· Examples of nationalist independence movements from the Ottoman Empire, early 1800s: Greece, Balkans (ex. Serbia)
· Britain supported the Ottoman Empire in order to prevent Russia from expanding against it in the process of moving toward the Mediterranean? (ex. Crimean War, 1853-1856)
· Identify and explain the selective-westernizing reforms of the Ottoman Empire under:
o Sultan Mahmud II
o **Tanzimat Reforms, 1839-1876
o Young Turks, 1908-1914
· In what ways did Sultan Abdul Hamid take action to return to absolutist rule in the late 1800s-early 1900s?
· Explain the Young Turk Coup of 1908 against Sultan Abdul Hamid
· What was not altered about Ottoman society despite some westernizing reforms?
Russia
· Identify major internal and external problems Russia faced by the early 1800s
· Russia = multicultural empire
o Russia faced similar nationalist movements for independence as the Ottomans, but these were usually crushed.
· What impact did the Crimean War have on Russia?
· Identify & explain the selective-westernizing reforms of Russia under Alexander II (r.1855-1881)
· What was the purpose behind the emancipation/abolition of the serfs?
o What were the limits on the abolition of serfdom?
· Alexander II abolished Russian serfdom in 1861!
· In Russia and Meiji Japan, industrialization was initially prompted and guided the central government (the state)! (not private initiative like earlier in W.Europe and USA)
· Evidence of Russian industrialization
· Labor and urban conditions under Russian industrialization + Effects of this?
· Significance of the Trans-Siberian Railway
· Motivations for Russian imperial expansion into East Asia (ex. Manchuria)?
· Despite major economic reforms and the emancipation of serfs, Russia’s czars attempted to hold on to their autocratic power à Russian citizens unhappy & want political reforms & Enlightenment rights
o Radical groups formed (ex. Anarchists & Bolsheviks (Marxists))
· Czar Nicholas II
o Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05: Causes? Effects?
o Revolution of 1905: Goals? Results? How did Czar Nicholas II respond to the political reforms that he initiated?
§ Constitution & Duma
§ Continued political dissatisfaction with Czar Nicholas II would lead to another revolution in 1917!
Qing China
· Identify major internal and external problems Qing China faced by the early 1800s
· Qing China = multicultural empire + Qing dynasty = “barbarian” dynasty (Manchus, not ethnic Chinese)
· Before 1800s, China had a favorable balance of international trade (like it held since the Classical era)
o How did the British change this situation? Importation & sales of illegal opium
o How did Qing respond to opium importation?
o First Opium War, 1839-42: Why did Britain win? + Outcomes of the war?
o “Unequal Treaties”: meaning?
§ Treaty of Nanjing: What were terms of treaty?
o Spheres of Influence: meaning?
§ Foreign nations that established spheres of influence in Qing China?
· Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864: Causes? Hong Xiuquan’s role? Effects?
· “Self-Strengthening Movement”, 1861-1895
o What was it?
o Successes?
o Why did it fail to succeed on a national level?
§ Role of Empress Cixi?
· Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1900: Causes? Effects?
· Evidence of China’s failure to industrialize?
Japan
· Identify major internal and external problems Tokugawa Japan faced by the early 1800s
· Tokugawa Japan had been in isolation since the 1630s.
· How did the arrival of US Commodore Perry at Tokyo Harbor in 1853 impact Japan?
· Meiji Restoration, 1868!
o What was it? What political changes occurred as a result of the Meiji Restoration?
o What reforms were initiated by the new Meiji government?
§ Economic
· Industrialization (state-initiated & guided)
· Infrastructure?
· Evidence of this? (ex. Zaibatsus)
§ Social
· Abolished feudal system
· Why were peasants freed from their feudal obligations? (compare to Russia)
· What new roles did former daimyo & samurai take?
§ Political
· Examples of selective westernization? + limitations to westernization
· Japan’s government was further centralized
o Which religion made major gains during the Meiji Restoration?
o Japan became imperialistic in East Asia (ex. Manchuria & Korea) & Pacific: motives + examples?
§ Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05: impact for Japan?
COMPARE/CONTRAST RESPONSES TO THE WEST & INDUSTRIALIZATION BY OTTOMANS, RUSSIA, QING CHINA, & JAPAN!