UNIT 10: APUSH FLIPPED CLASSROOM ACTIVITY 2
Western Migration and Settlement
BE SURE TO USE LESSON 2
AP Focus -Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as “hostiles.” Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. / American Pageant: Chapter #26.1The Great American West
AP Free Response Essay: Evaluate the means employed by the Federal government and settlers to force the virtual extinction of Native Americans in the West.
Cowboys and Indians - Distorts our understanding and masks a harsh reality
SETTING the STAGE
1830 The Trail of Tears
Five Civilized tribes are relocated to the plains Indians are not sovereign nations, but domestic dependents.
1830-1860 – An uneasy co-existence
Indians Nation are responsibility of the federal government. However, the presence of white settlers cannot be controlled or managed. This is a problem. Instead of making treaties, the U.S. begins to move Indians to reservations.
Reservation policy is hypocritical. WHY?
To protect Indians from whites we attempt forced assimilation while herding Native American’s off to reservations?
1850-1860
Strained RelationsRelations with Indians quickly deteriorate WHY?
1. Resource competition - White settlement of the west, building the transcontinental Railroad, the desire for land as a resource… Native Americans are in the way and the Army is sent to pacify them
2. All Native Americans not on reservations are considered hostile regardless of status. If Indians are not in direct control, they are swept up in the movement.
3. Western Settlement was disrupting the patterns of Native American life – eating away at their livelihood
The Buffalo become a HUGE part huge of this story WHY?
Notes: BUFFALO HUNT (“America Story of Us”)
Three Kinds of Indian Conflict
1) Expansion-Expanding Native American tribes vs. Expanding United States government
2) Retaliation-US Government attempts to stop Indian raiding of white settlements. Why are Indians raiding settlers’ livestock?
3) Independence-Smaller Indian tribes attempt to preserve their independence
NATIVE CONFLICT TIME-LINE
1864 / 1864, John Chivington led the Colorado Volunteers in a dawn attack on Black Kettle and his band, who had been told they would be safe on this desolate reservation. 200 friendly Cheyenne men, women and children were slaughtered, and their corpses often grotesquely mutilated, in a massacre that shocked the nation.
1866 / A Lakota war party led by Chief Red Cloud attacks a wagon train bringing supplies to newly-constructed Fort Phil Kearny on the Powder River in northern Wyoming. The Lakota see the fort, situated to protect travel to Montana mining country along the Bozeman Trail, as a threat to their territory. When a patrol led by Captain William J. Fetterman rides out to drive off the war party, it is lured far from the fort and destroyed to the last man.
1867 / Civil War General and future Democratic presidential hopeful Winfield Scott Hancock leads an expedition in which a large Cheyenne and Shawnee village at Pawnee Fork was destroyed.
News of Indian wars reaches the east. This news becomes a political hot button. Policy – discourages warfare and sign treaties (pacification)
1867-68 / Grant establishes an Indian Peace Commission- They determine that the events at Pawnee Fork had been ill conceived setting a more peaceful tone in dealing with the Native Americans.
1867 / Civil War veteran William T. Sherman, architect of total war rights a letter to the Secretary of War in response to the Indian Peace Commissions findings. The letter included his statement that, “if fifty Indians are allowed to remain between the Arkansas and Platte we will have to guard every stage station, every train, and all railroad working parties. In other words, fifty hostile Indians will checkmate three-thousand soldiers.” Making sure the secretary of war understood him, he went further and wrote, “it makes little difference whether they be coaxed out by Indian commissioners or killed,” but the government needed to get them out of there as soon as possible.
1868 / Medicine Lodge Treaty- The Indian Peace Commission recognizes that the Indian conflicts up until this point could have been prevented. They recognized that had the U.S. fulfilled their obligations to previous treaties with the western tribes, tension would be significantly less. Red Cloud representing multiple Southern Plains Tribes agrees to keep peace with the US
1874 / General Custer finds gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota Immediately attacked by the Sioux whose land was protected by a treaty with the whites
1875 / THE LAKOTA WAR- A Senate commission meeting was set up with Red Cloud and other Lakota chiefs to negotiate legal access for the miners rushing to the Black Hills offers to buy the region for $6 million. But the Lakota refuse to alter the terms of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, and declare they will protect their lands from intruders if the government won't.
1876 / Custer’s Last Stand 12,000 Sioux and Cheyenne under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wipe out 600 of Custer’s men in 20 minutes.
1887 / Congress passes the Dawes Severalty Act, imposing a system of private land ownership on Native American tribes for whom communal land ownership has been a centuries-old tradition. Individual Indians become eligible to receive land allotments of up to 160 acres, together with full U.S. citizenship
1890 / Congress establishes the Oklahoma Territory on unoccupied lands in the Indian Territory, breaking a 60-year-old pledge to preserve this area exclusively for Native Americans forced from their lands in the east.
1890 / Wounded Knee Creek and Ghost Dance Movement – Indian Resistance and Hostility
This worries and frightens white people. (Similar to early slave revolts)
Federal troops massacre the Lakota Chief Big Foot (Sitting Bull’s half-brother) and his 350 followers (Men, women and children) at Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation in a confrontation fueled by the government’s determination to stop the spread of the Ghost Dance among the tribes. The incident stands in U.S. military history as the last armed engagement of the Indian Wars.
Fourteen days prior, Sitting Bull had been killed with his son Crow Foot at Standing Rock Agency in a gun battle with a group of Indian police that had been sent by the American government to arrest him
Notes from the webpage and link
POLICY AND REFORM
· White Perspective “ Kill the Indian to save the man”
· Inability to see other people as fully developed members of the human race
· Saw Native Americans as heathens that need to be Christianized
· Close to Christianity = Good (Even if it is painful, unpleasant, and cruel)
Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)
"The history of the Government connections with the Indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises. The history of the border white man's connection with the Indians is a sickening record of murder, outrage, robbery, and wrongs committed by the former, as the rule, and occasional savage outbreaks and unspeakably
barbarous deeds of retaliation by the latter, as the exception."
-Helen Hunt Jackson
Jackson researched led to opposition to government treatment of Native Americans. The solution was to make the Indians white. This policy destroyed Indians as a distinct nation.
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Cultural absorption of American Indians inwhite America by forcing Native American to abandon their traditional appearance and dress like “Americans”
Extreme Makeover: American Indian Edition
KEY COMPONENTS OF THE DAWES ACT:
160 acres given to family heads (on reservations).Conform to European land use patterns, using private property as a cornerstone
Irony? Indians really don’t get much land
1881 - 155,000 acres
1890 – 104, 000 acres
1900 – 77,000 acres
Loosely held land holdings swindled by whites – Cultural?
Loss of the Tribal Estate as a Result of the Dawes Act
In 1881 the tribal estate is approx.156 million acres; if each of 300,000 native Americans are given acreage under terms of Dawes Act [160 acres for head of families; 80 for single adult males, 40 per child], there would be 105 million acresurplusto be sold to fund civilization/educational programs.
Land Loss, 1887-1932: is2/3 of the Indian landed estate, or reduction to approximately 50 million acres resulting from
· sale of "surplus lands" (the remainder after each tribal member given an allotment)
· sale of allotted lands by "competent" Indians, i.e. those who had land patents in fee simple title (up to 90 % on many reservations)
Forced Assimilation: The Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879–1918)
Carlisle Indian School
The goal was to eliminate customs, rituals, and way of life of Native Americans
Young children taught the white man’s way
Outright Bans
1884 Banned the Sun Dance
1890 Banned “bundles” practice for morning the dead
NOTES FROM MOVIE CLIP OF CARLISLE
FRQ PROMPTS (Continue adding notes to your list from lesson 1)
Compare the debates that took place over American expansionism in the 1840's with those that took place in the 1890's, analyzing the similarities and differences in the debates of the two eras.
Although the economic development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hardy individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government. Assess the Validity of this statement.
How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the 2nd half of the 19th century affected by technological developments and government actions?
Analyze and explain the role played by railroads in the rapid economic growth of late nineteenth century America.
How and why did transportation developments spark economic growth during the period from 1860-1900 in the United States?
Evaluate the means employed by the Federal government and settlers to force the virtual extinction of Native Americans in the West. / YOUR NOTES:
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