2108 Study Guide IV
Chapter 41: Nutrition and Digestion
· Relate variations in dentition (teeth) and length of digestive system to the feeding strategies of herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
· Define and compare the 4 main stages of food processing
o Describe where it occurs and what is happening
· Compare intracellular and extracellular digestion
o Distinguish between the roles each has in incomplete and complete digestive tracts
o Be able to give a general explanation and examples of each
· Describe the common processes and structural components of the mammalian digestive system (tract)
· Name 3 functions of saliva
· Explain regulation in the pharynx in preventing food from going down the ‘wrong tube’
· List the 3 types of cells found in the stomach and their respective secretions
o Explain why pepsin doesn’t digest the stomach lining
· Explain how the small intestine is specialized for digestion and absorption
o Roles of accessory organs
· Compare where and how the major types of macromolecules and digested and absorbed in the mammalian digestive system
o Recognize the enzymes identified in class, what they break down, and where it occurs
· Describe the major functions of the large intestine
o Explain what can occur from disruptions of normal digestive system flow
· Name the 3 nutritional needs that must be obtained for a nutritionally adequate diet
· Define essential nutrients and explain each of the 4 classes/types
· Distinguish between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins
· Distinguish between undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment
Chapter 42: Circulation
· Explain how a gastrovascular cavity functions in part as a circulatory system
· Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
· List the structural components of a cardiovascular system (vertebrate circulatory system) and relate the structure to their function
· Compare and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
o Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the functions of each
· Describe the general relationship between metabolic rates and the structure of the vertebrate circulatory system
· List the 4 heart valves, describe their location, and explain their functions
o Define heart murmur and explain its cause
· Describe the basic cardiac cycle
· Explain how the heart controls its own beating and the role and location of the sinoatrial (SA) node
· Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries
o Relate the structure of these vessels to their function
· Explain vasoconstriction and vasodilation
o Explain Viagra and how it is used to treat erectile dysfunction
· Explain how blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated
· Trace the complete cycle of blood flow through the heart, listing all structures that blood must pass through
· Explain why blood flow through the capillaries is slower than in arteries and veins
o Relate this to when you detect your pulse
· Explain the role of gravity on blood return to the heart
o Be able to explain some of the complications this can cause
· Recognize the basic, general functions of the components of blood
o Recognize the 3 general types of cellular elements
· Be able to briefly explain what happens to form a blood clot
Chapter 42b: Respiration
· Define gas exchange and distinguish between respiratory medium and respiratory surface
· Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having water or air as the respiratory mediums
· Describe the general requirements for a respiratory surface
· Explain the relationship between altitude and oxygen
· Describe the respiratory adaptations of earthworms and aquatic organisms (invertebrates)
o Explain how gas and respiratory surface interact to facilitate gas exchange
· Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient that concurrent flow of water and blood
· Describe the tracheal system of insects and explain why it is most efficient for their environment and body plan
· Describe the lung system in general and why it is most efficient for its environment
o Discuss the differences in the lungs of frogs, birds, and mammals
· Describe the movement of air in humans through air passageways to the alveoli, listing all structures that air must pass through
· Compare positive and negative pressure breathing
o Explain how humans ventilate their lungs using negative pressure
§ Include all changes to the thoracic cavity discussed in class
· Explain how humans control breathing
o What is the role of this control and a baby’s first breathe
· Describe the differences in gas exchange movements in the lungs and body tissues
· In general terms, explain what a respiratory pigment is and what it does