Module 2 Cloze Notes
The ______ took place when the Europeans arrived in the Americas there was an exchange of ideas (like Christianity), plants, animals and disease.
Impacts Europeans Had on Native Americans
Religion: One of the motives for settling the New World was to spread Christianity to the Native Americans. ______and ______Catholics worked as missionaries to convert the natives. In general, the French did not try to change the Native American customs as much as the Spanish missionaries did. Some natives were receptive to ______, while others had religion forced upon them.
Population Decline: The Native American population quickly began to ______once the Europeans arrived. When Spanish conquistadors first settled in the New World, they ______many Native Americans. They used Native Americans for farming and mining for gold and silver. Hard labor and malnutrition led to the deaths of many Native Americans. Over time, Native American slaves were replaced by ______because the Native Americans were dying of ______. In addition to the maltreatment Native Americans faced, diseases unknowingly brought by Europeans also depleted the population. Native Americans did not have ______to fight off these diseases, which led millions to die. Native Americans thought the Europeans brought the diseases to America on purpose. Experts estimate that ____ to ____ percent of Native Americans died in the first few decades after European contact.
Competition for Land: With the colonists and Native Americans occupying the same lands, ______for land was inevitable. Hunting in the same forests and fishing in the same streams led to a depletion of animals available for food. As a result, many Native Americans had to ______their ancestral lands to search for more food. In addition, the demand for agricultural products led many European settlers to clear forests to make room to plant. This ______Native American hunting grounds, forcing them off the land they occupied. The Native American tribes were ______of one another, so they were slow to unify in their battles against European settlers.
Peaceful Coexistence: European settlers learned from the Native Americans how to grow American crops, where to hunt, and how to survive. Native Americans learned about ______from the settlers. There are many examples of peaceful coexistence between the Native Americans and the colonists, including the first Thanksgiving. Without assistance from the natives, the ______may not have survived.
Causes of the War
______and ______competed over land in the Ohio River Valley used for fur trading and fishing.
Major Events of the French & Indian War
1754—Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania:
The British sent ______with a militia to build Fort Necessity on the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When they arrived, they found that the ______were already constructing a fort nearby. The French called this post Fort Duquesne. Washington attacked the French but was outnumbered and ______. He was soon released to return to Virginia.
1754— Albany, New York:
Members from four colonies met to discuss ways to work together to defend themselves from the French. They thought of ways to persuade the ______to form an alliance against the French. Representatives also adopted Benjamin Franklin’s ______. This plan called for a single elected government for all of the American colonies. The plan ______after all of the colonies chose not to adopt it.
1755—Path from Alexandria, Virginia, to Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania:
In 1755, British General ______set out from Virginia with 1,400 red-coated troops to confront the French at Fort Duquesne. George Washington served as his ______. Washington warned the British general against using the ______fighting style, which was common in Europe at the time. Braddock ______the advice, and his troops were ambushed. The bright red uniforms and rows of soldiers made the British easy targets for Native American and French sharpshooters. Braddock and more than 1,000 of his men attempted to retreat but were killed in battle. Washington survived and led the remaining troops back to Virginia. Britain declared war on France.
1759—Quebec:
Britain also attacked the French capital of ______, in Canada. Due to its location on a cliff, Quebec was thought to be ______to attack. The British snuck up a path and climbed the hill during the night. The British troops gathered on the ______outside the French fortress, where they surprised and defeated the French. The victory at Quebec and the capture of Montreal the following year led to the end of fighting.
Outcome of the French & Indian War
The British won the French & Indian War. In the Treaty of ______, the British gained the Ohio River Valley and land in Canada. The lands that were divided in the Treaty of Paris were still home to many ______. Although the British won the war, they found themselves deeply in ______. Britain passed a series of unpopular taxes to help pay for the French & Indian War. These taxes upset the colonists and set the stage for the American Revolution. The colonists protested and ______(refused to buy) British goods to show they were unhappy.The colonists were willing to pay ______, however they wanted to be ______in Parliament. Many of the Acts passed by Parliament were ______only to be followed by another .
Proclamation of 1763: West of the ______Mountains closed to colonial settlement.
Writs of Assistance: Britain passed the Writs of Assistance to______American colonists from ______goods. Colonists were smuggling goods to avoid paying taxes to Britain. The Writs of Assistance allowed government officials to______homes and warehouses to find smuggled goods. Colonists felt that this______their rights because it did not require British officials to obtain a warrant before entering.
Sugar Act of 1764: To help pay for war debts and protection, Britain directly taxed American colonists for the first time. Colonists argued that they should not be taxed by______because they could not vote for its members.______, one of the most vocal leaders in Massachusetts, created a political slogan that summed up American feelings toward this new tax: “No______without representation.” Parliament also appointed judges to hear smuggling cases instead of allowing jury trials. This further upset colonists, who felt their civil liberties had been violated.
Stamp Act of 1765: The Stamp Act taxed almost all printed material in the colonies. Because this act taxed so many items, it helped ______the colonists against Britain.______helped organize the Sons of Liberty to gain support for the Stamp Act protests. Many colonists______British goods. Members from nine colonies met at the Stamp Act Congress to write a petition to King George and Parliament, stating that only colonial governments had the authority to tax colonists.
Declaratory Acts of 1766: In response to colonial boycotts and demands, Parliament______ the Stamp Act. The colonists felt victorious, but Britain passed another troublesome law. The Declaratory Act of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies in all matters.
Events of the Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770, an angry mob in Boston gathered around nine British soldiers, or redcoats. The crowd began to ______them and threaten them with wooden clubs and sticks. When their shouts did not provoke the soldiers, the crowd threw ice at them, and some in the crowd even yelled ______! When a colonist named Richard Palmes struck a soldier with a club, a shot finally rang out. Other shots quickly followed. Some witnesses later claimed that Captain Thomas Preston, the commander of the British troops, ______his soldiers to fire. Others said the soldiers fired their weapons on their own. The soldiers themselves said their shooting was in ______. When the smoke cleared, five colonists lay dead or dying.
Samuel Adams, one of the leaders of the anti-British protests, saw an ______in this tragedy. He and his allies began calling the incident "The Boston Massacre." They helped arouse further anger against the British with articles and pictures that described British soldiers shooting at unarmed civilians. The British tried to calm the colonists by bringing the soldiers to ______. In the end, juries made up of colonists ruled that Preston and most of his men had fired in self-defense. Only two of Preston's soldiers were ______. But they were only found guilty of manslaughter. The trials helped calm American anger.
Parliament also tried to ______the colonies by repealing all the duties it had enacted, except one. England would not overturn the tax on tea (Tea Tax). The colonists boycotted and on the night of December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty took a further step. A group of men disguised as ______boarded an English ship that was docked in Boston. Then they dumped 342 cases of tea into the harbor.
The king was furious with the colonists, and Parliament passed a set of laws called the ______. The colonists called them ______because they were so severe. The Intolerable Acts closed Boston's port, reduced the power of town meetings, and increased the authority of British royal officials. The king had hoped the colonists would give in to his power. Instead they continued to resist. Delegates from many colonies met in the first ______in the fall of 1774. They demanded that Britain remove the Intolerable Acts. But the British refused.
The next spring, the British sent troops to the town of Concord to ______a supply of weapons. On the way to Concord, the British soldiers met 70 militiamen in the town of Lexington. A shot was fired, the first shot of the ______. The British continued to Concord but met more militia and more fighting. They were forced to retreat. ______troops from nearby towns fired on the British during the long retreat to Boston, killing and wounding many soldiers.
In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in ______to discuss what to do. Some delegates wanted to remain loyal to Britain, others wanted independence, and others were undecided. The Second Continental Congress selected ______as its president. Hancock was one of the richest colonists. He used his wealth to fund the ______in his home state of Massachusetts. The Second Continental Congress also selected George Washington as the commander of the Continental Army. In an attempt to avoid a full-scale war, the Congress sent King George the ______. In it, the colonists asked the King to protect their rights and told the King that they wanted peace. King George ______their petition and began preparing for war.
In January 1776, ______published a pamphlet called ______. In it, he inspired many Americans to want to break away from Britain and declare independence. He framed the ______of the colonists to be about a quest for freedom and not just about taxes.
The ______of the Olive Branch Petition and the growing move toward independence led the Second Continental Congress to act. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee from Virginia proposed independence. While debating the issue, the Congress appointed a committee to draft the ______. Members of this committee included ______of Virginia, ______of Connecticut, ______of Pennsylvania, ______of New York, and ______of Massachusetts. Thomas Jefferson, the youngest member, wrote the document. Adams and Franklin made edits to his original draft.
The Founding Fathers prepared for war at the Second Continental Congress. Most Americans ______independence after the publication of Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”, however, not all Americans supported the patriots’ struggle for independence. Those that were against breaking away from Britain were called ______.
When the American Revolution began, most European countries did not give the United States much of a chance against the might British Empire. On paper, the British had the advantage.
Whig – ______
Tories – ______
James Otis: Argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for its members; Opposed the writs of assistance in courts, arguing that ______without a warrant violated natural rights.
Samuel Adams: Helped organize the Sons of Liberty. Used ______describing the events in 1770 as the “Boston Massacre.”; Organized the Boston Tea Party after Britain passed the Tea Act; Targeted for ______by the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
John Hancock: Funded the Sons of Liberty; Selected as ______of the Second Continental Congress; Targeted for imprisonment by the British at Lexington.
John Adams: Represented ______soldiers in the Boston Massacre trials; Member of the Declaration of Independence Committee; Recommended George Washington as ______of the Continental Army; Helped negotiate peace with Britain after the American Revolution.
Thomas Jefferson: Only 32 when sent as a delegate from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress; Known for his brilliant writing, he was selected as the ______of the Declaration of Independence.
George Washington: Fought with the British in the French and Indian War; ______selected by the Second Continental Congress as the commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution; Offered to serve in the Continental Army without______.
Ben Franklin: Colonial spokesperson in______after the Stamp Act was passed; Member of the Declaration of Independence Committee; Known as an author, statesman, and scientist; Helped negotiate the alliance with ______during the American Revolution.
Advantages for the US in the American Revolutionary War:
America was fighting on its home turf, while Britain had to send troops 3,000 miles away. This made ______difficult for the British; America was fighting for the noble causes of ______and ______. Britain hired soldiers to fight battles for them.
Advantages for the British in the American Revolutionary War:
Britain had the strongest ______in the world, while America did not have an organized navy; Britain had the wealth of the empire at its disposal. America was short on weapons and supplies due to lack of funds; Britain had 9 million people and the help of the loyalists, while America only had 2.5 million people; Britain had a more ______, well-trained army, while America had to rely on the states for troops; ______: name for the German soldiers that Britain hired to help fight the Americans
Woman and African Americans during the American Revolution
The role of women and African Americans is often over looked. Women helped in the American Revolution by becoming heads of their ______while their husbands were away at war. Many took care of their family’s farms and businesses. Some participated in the war efforts by providing ______, and a few others fought in battle alongside their husbands.
African Americans fought on both sides of the American Revolution. At the beginning of the war, ______appealed to slaves to join the British war efforts. Many slaves were promised their ______for fighting for the British. African Americans fought for the American side as well. As many as 5,000 African American soldiers joined the Continental Army. Some fought because they believed in the ______, while others fought for ______. Some escaped from slavery and joined the fighting, while others fought in exchange for their freedom.