Unit 4: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1844-1877

Mr. Baker

APUSH 2012-2013

Readings in America’s History, 6 ed. and Amsco

Chapter 12 The South Expands, 1820-1860

Chapter 13 The Crisis of the Union, 1844-1860

Chapter 14 Two Societies at War, 1861-1865

Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1865-1877

Assessments

Mr. Baker

APUSH 2012-2013

Unit DBQ: John Brown

Unit Project: TBA

Unit MC Test

Unit FRQ Test

Weekly reading quizzes

Unit Flashcards

Mr. Baker

APUSH 2012-2013

Syllabus with Focus Questions

November 26 M Unit 3 Exam Return

November 28 W Introduce new unit

Creating the Cotton South

1. How did the South’s reliance on cotton and slavery affect development economically, socially, and morally as well as the South’s relations with the North?

November 30 F The African American World

December 3 M Manifest Destiny North and South

War, Expansion, and Slavery (Mexican-American War)

(Compromise of 1850)

How were Manifest Destiny and western expansion portrayed in the 19C?
The War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War were both driven by Western needs and demands. TWE was this true?

December 5 W The End of the Second Party System

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph

1. Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion united, more than divided, the United States in the period 1830-1860.

2. What were Lincoln’s views on race, slavery, and colonization?

December 7 F In-class DBQ

December 10 M Amsco: Ch. 14 The Civil War: The War Begins,

First Years…, Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

Article: Ramsdell, Charles. “The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion.”

1. TWE was the Civil War about slavery?

December 12 W Presidential Reconstruction

Radical Reconstruction

1. Analyze and evaluate President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan and President Johnson’s Restoration plan for the American South and the Radical Republicans’ challenge to those programs.

December 14 F The Undoing of Reconstruction

1. The North won the Civil War but the South won the Reconstruction. TWE is this true?

2. How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and economic equality of opportunity to the former slaves?

January 9 W Unit 4 MC and FRQ Test

January 11 F Unit 4 Test Return

Popular Civil War and Reconstruction Films

Mr. Baker

APUSH 2012-2013

Glory

Cold Mountain

Gone With the Wind

Birth of a Nation

Mr. Baker

APUSH 2012-2013

On-line resources

v http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html

v http://www.teacheroz.com/Civil_War_Causes.htm

v http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/dbq/#I

v http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/

In addition to these assignments, we will be discussing the essential questions of the unit either as a class, in small groups, using simulations, or on-line as resources become available.

Chapter summaries: 1845-1860

1. Texas won its independence from Mexico in 1836 and asked the United States for annexation as a state. The United States refused and Texas became an independent Republic.

2. Texas was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.

3. The U.S. government pursued a policy of “manifest destiny” to eventually take in land from “sea to shining sea.”

4. The Oregon territory was acquired by the U.S. in the Oregon treaty of 1846.

President Polk created an incident on the Nueces River in 1846 that led to a declaration of war against Mexico.
The Mexican War was settled by the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo by which the U.S. acquired west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and parts of Colorado.
By the Compromise of 1850, the north won California as a free state, while the south gained a new fugitive slave law and the principle of popular sovereignty.
Senator Stephen Douglas attempted to turn the issue of popular sovereignty to his advantage in the opening of Nebraska under the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Instead the issue created the Republican Party, brought fighting to Kansas, and started the slide toward the Civil War.
The Dred Scott decision, which nationalized slavery, drove a deeper wedge between the North and South, made Lincoln a national figure and heightened the split between N. and S.
John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry Virginia turned him into a martyr and brought the nation to the brink of war.
Lincoln was elected in 1860 with 40% of the popular vote making him a minority president, yet defeating all three of his opponents. Many southerners backed secession as the only response.

Study Questions:

1. Who started the war with Mexico? Why did America fight this war?

2. How was the agreement of 1850 a compromise? Did it solve problems or just make new ones? Explain using examples.

3. Why was Kansas bleeding? Explain.

4. Was John Brown a murderer or a martyr? What is your opinion and why?

5. Who were the Republicans and how were they formed? What was their platform in 1860? Who was their constituency?

6. The Lincoln/Douglas debates were in the state of Illinois. Why did they take on such a large national interest? What issues came up in the debates and what does this tell you about Lincoln?

7. What did the events of the 1850’s do to the political party system? Explain.

8. What legal and Constitutional arguments did the South make in support of secession? What social and economic arguments?

§ Define and discuss the phrase “Manifest Destiny.” Explain how this belief came to divide the nation.

§ How did THREE of the following lead to the secession of South Carolina in 1860?

-Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833

-Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and its aftermath

-Dred-Scott Decision of 1857

-Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

-Election of Lincoln 1860

§ Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of THREE of the following:

-Missouri Compromise

-Mexican War

-Compromise of 1850

-Kansas-Nebraska Act

Chapter summaries: 1861-1877

Secession had taken peacefully until President Lincoln forced the issue and the South fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina.

Southern advantages in the Civil War included the sympathy of European upper classes, an excellent officer corps, and the belief that they were fighting for their independence.
The North had many more material advantages than the South: wheat over cotton, the idea of Union, more industry, manpower, capital, resources, and the moral objective of ending slavery.
The Northern strategy, the Anaconda Plan, involved blockading the Southern coast, dividing the West from the East by seizing the Mississippi, and dividing and conquering what remained.
The North sustained continued losses in the East until the Battle of Antietam in the Fall of 1862.
Lincoln used this victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation which only freed slaves in rebel states. Slavery was still in effect in border and Union states. The effect however, was that the EP stopped intervention by Europe and encouraged Confederate slaves to rebel and join the Union armies.
The battles of 1863 virtually decided the war. Grant seized the Mississippi at Vicksburg, cutting the South in half while Meade defeated lee at the famous three day Battle of Gettysburg.
Many early soldiers on both sides were volunteers. After casualty lists grew, both the North and the South resorted to conscription.
The North was able to financially fight the Civil War with increased tariffs, bond sales, and a small income tax. Without the ability to tax, the Confederate economy collapsed and inflation raged out of control after 1863.
The industrial North came out of the Civil War in the midst of a financial boom, the South was destroyed.
Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus and other civil liberties during the Civil War due to the war itself and the large number of dissenters (Copperheads) during the war.
The war ended when Lee surrendered at Appomattox in 1865.
Reconstruction was the plan to bring the Southern states back into the Union.
There were three Reconstruction Plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s, and the Radical Republican plans.
After the death of Lincoln, debate focused on the differences between the Presidential Reconstruction Plan and the Congressional Reconstruction Plan.
Congressional Reconstruction, formed by the Radical Republicans, focused on punishing the South for seceding from the Union and the damage caused during the War.
Presidential Reconstruction focused on quickly returning the states to the Union and ensuring support for the Republican Party.
Black Americans enjoyed some freedoms during Reconstruction supported by the Freedman’s Bureau, the 13th, 14th, and the 15th Amendments and the efforts of some Northerners.
However, southern society for the blacks eventually became much like slavery due to prejudice, black codes, tenant farming and the start of racist organizations such as the KKK.
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags represented Republicans who sought to make money on reconstructing southern economy and government.
Industry and urbanization boomed as the South rebuilt itself after the destruction of the War.
Northern politicians argued over the requirements for southern readmission to the Union government and the Radical Republicans attempted to impeach President Johnson for opposing their efforts.
President Grant’s term in office was hi-lighted by corruption and mismanagement as Reconstruction lost its focus and the Republican Party lost its dominance.
Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 after Hayes was elected during a controversial vote.
As southern white power was returned to the governments of southern states, structural racism was established by the courts in the Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws and through white terrorism in acts such as lynchings.

Study Questions:

Compare and contrast the free soil ideology of the North with the pro-slavery argument of the South.
What advantages did the Union have in the Civil War? How about the Confederacy?

2. How did the Union propose to finance the war? The Confederacy? How successful were they? What was the effect on each economy?

3. How did each side raise troops? Who was more successful? What was the public’s response to conscription?

4. What factors brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did it accomplish? Was it full emancipation?

5. What effect did the Civil War have on women and blacks in the north? What part did they play?

6. Why was state’s rights the “great dividing force” in the Confederacy’s war effort? What caused this division and what was the effect?

7. What were the foreign policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy? How did each attempt to achieve these objectives and which was more successful?

8. Why was 1863 the “Year of Decision?” What took place in 1863 to swing the advantage to the Union? What did these events accomplish?

9. Did President Lincoln follow the Constitution during wartime? What liberties did he threaten? Explain.

10. Describe three reasons why the South lost. What were the biggest factors?

11. How was “Presidential” Reconstruction different than Congressional Reconstruction? Were either successful?

12. What was the root cause of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson? Was the trial and the outcome fair?

13. What major actions helped African Americans during Reconstruction?

14. How did Reconstruction end? Explain.

15. Why was the South after Reconstruction called The New South? What economic, social, and political changes had been made? How was it different than antebellum South?

§ What did the Civil War accomplish?

§ W.E.B. Dubois said that during Reconstruction, slaves had a brief moment in the sun, then slipped back towards slavery. What does he mean?

§ Was Reconstruction successful?

DBQ: In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution?

Mr. Baker

APUSH

Past DBQs and FRQs:

1969 Were the principal causes of both the War of 1812 and the Mexican War to be found in Western needs and demands?

1990 “Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others.” Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to American expansionism in the 1840s.

1993 Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James K. Polk. To what extent did their policies strengthen the United States?

2000 Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following.

Missouri Compromise

Mexican War

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1996 DBQ In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a social revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1860 to 1877 to answer the question.

1992 Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877?

1988 “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races.” How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?

1981 DBQ John Brown’s raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, involved only a handful of abolitionists, freed no slaves, and was over in two days. Although many Northerners condemned the raid, by 1863 John Brown had become a hero and martyr in the North.

--To what extent and in what ways do the views about John Brown expressed in the documents illustrate changing North-South relations between 1859 and 1863?

1978 “The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the altercation of subversion of the original ideas and programs. For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both a) the ideas and activities of abolitionism and b) the policies of the Republican Party.

1968 “The status of the Negro in the Republic was the central issue in American politics from 1846 to 1877.” Assess the validity of this generalization.

Manifest Destiny North and South

Preston Brooks Affair

Manifest Destiny

Texas

The Alamo

Great American Desert

Stephen F. Austin

Sectional Conflict and Compromise

The Mexican-American War

Compromise of 1850

Mr. Baker

APUSH

John Tyler

James K. Polk—D expansionist president 1845-1849

John C. Calhoun—American System.

49th Parallel—Final division of Oregon Territory between BR and US to avoid war in 18

54’40” or Fight—slogan calling for war with Br in order to take all of disputed Oregon Terr. Up to the Russian Alaskan border