CHAPTER DIRECTING
QUESTION : What do you mean by directing..? Explain its concept ?
ANSWER : Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counseling , motivating and loading leading people in the organization to achieve its objective.
CONCEPT :
1. Directing initiates action : Direction makes things happen, it translates plans into action, Thus direction is known as management –in-action .
2. DIRECTING TAKES PLACE AT EVERY LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT : Direction is pervasive function as it is performed by all mangers at all levels
3. Directing is a continuous process. Managers needs to give order to his subordinates, motivate them, lead them and guide them on continuous basis
4. DIRECTING FLOWS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM : Directing is first initiated at top level and flows to the bottom through organizational hierarchy.
5. DEALS WITH PEOPLE : it is concerned with the direction of human efforts towards enterprise objectives , direction deals exclusively with people
QUESTION : Directing is the process around which all performance of an organization revolves . Do you agree. Give reasons?
ANSWER :
1. INITIATES ACTION : direction sets an organization into motion. Directing helps the management to supervise , communicate, lead and motivate people at work to function in desired way for achieving organizational objectives.
2. DIRECTING LEADS TO INTERATED GROUP ACTIVITY : Directing integrates employee’s efforts in such a way that every individual effort contributes to the organizational performance
3. DIRECTING ATTEMPTS TO GET MAXIMUM OUT OF INDIVIDUALS : Every employee has potential and capacity, buy using elements of direction the efficiency of employee can be raised
4. DIRECTING HELPS TO IMPLEMENT CHANGES : All organization operates in a changing environment . A proper system or direction helps in motivating employees to take up challenge of new situation
5. Provides stability and balance in the organisation : Individuals join organization to satisfy their personal goals , whereas, organization has its own objectives, managers instruct, guide, supervise and motivate their subordinates to achieve a balance between individuals and organization goals.
QUESTION : name the diff elements of directing ?
ANSWER :
1. Supervision
2. MOTIVATON
3. LEADERSHIP
4. COMMUNICATION
QUESTION : What do u mean by supervision ? also explain functions of supervisor?
ANSWER :
The term supervision is made up the two words super and vision. Super means over and above and vision means seeing, so, supervision means overseeing employees at work
Supervision refers to instructing, guiding and observing the subordinate of work to ensure that they are working as per plans and to help them in solving their work problems.
The term supervision can be understood in two ways
1. AS AN ELEMENT OF DIRECTING : As supervision is an element of directing, every manager in the organization supervises his subordinates
2. AS A FUNCTION PERFORMED BY SUPERVISIOR : He has to explain managerial plans and policies effectively to the workers and grievances, suggestions and reaction of workers to the management.
FUNCTIONS OF SUPERVISOR:
1. INTERPERSONAL CONTACT: supervisor maintains day to day contact and friendly relations with workers. A good supervisor acts as a guide, friend and philosopher to the workers.
2. LINK BETWEEN WORKERS AND MANAGEMENT : he communicates management ‘s objectives policies and programmes to workers, supervisor help to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts between management and workers.
3. PROMOTS GROUP UNITY : Supervisor plays a key role in maintaining group unity among workers
4. HELPS IN IMPROVING PERFORMANCE : Supervision is concerned mainly with inspiring and guiding works, he motivates his workers effectively
5. PROVIDES TRAINING TO THE EMPLOYEES: A skilled and knowledgeable supervisor can build efficient team of workers by arranging provide training for the employee.
6. INFLUENCES WORKERS : Effective supervision influences workers by inspiring them to cooperate and contribute to the best of their capability.
7. PROVIDE FEEDBACK: The supervisor also provides feedback relating to performance and grievances of subordinates to the higher levels
QUESTION : What do you mean by motivation ?
ANSWER : Motivation refers to a process of stimulating and inspiring people at work to contribute to the best of their capability for the achievement of organizational objectives. It is an inner psychological forces
QUESTION : MOTIVE , MOTIVATION , MOTIVATOR Define the following terms ?
ANSWER :
MOTIVE : Motive refers to inner state or desire, which activates, compels and directs the individual to behave on the direction of achievement of goals.
MOTIVATION : is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals
MOTIVATOR: Motivator is the technique used to motivate people in an organization. Financial incentives and non financial incentives
QUESTION: Explain the process of motivation ?
ANSWER :
1. UNSATISFIED NEED : The motivation process always begins when a person feels that there is some unsatisfied need in him
2. TENSION : When an unsatisfied need is recognized a tension is created in a mind of concerned person
3. DRIVER: This tension stimulates his drives and compels him to take actions to fulfill his need.
4. SEARCH BEHAIVIOUR : these drives create a drive to search for different ways to relieve this tension
5. Satisfied need : after searching for various options, person, chooses a particular options. The need is satisfied
6. REDUCTION : When the person is successful in satisfying his need , he feels motivated and tension is reduced
1 Unsatisfied 2 TENSION 3 DRIVES 4 SEARCH 5 SATISFIED 6 REDUCTION
NEED BEHAVIOUR NEED OF TENSION
QUESTION : Explain the features of motivation ?
ANSWER :
1. Internal feeling : motivation is a psychological concept and cannot be forced on employees
The internal feeling likes needs, desires influences human behavior to act in a particular manner
2. GOAL DIRECTED BEHAIVIOUR: Influences employee’s behavior in such a manner so that they can achieve their goals.
3. POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE : Positive motivation offers something precious in the form of additional pay incentives, promotion recognition etc NEGATIVE motivation means making use of negative motivators like punishment demotion etc.. in order to influence employees behavior
4. COMPLEX PROCESS : it is difficult to explain and predict behavior of workers. So motivation is a complicated or complex task
QUESTION : Discuss maslow need hierarchy theory of motivation ?
ANSWER : Since motivation is a complex process, various researches have given different theories. Among the various theories , Maslow’s theory is considered very significant it highlights the needs of the people of the people . Abraham maslow was an eminent US psychologist
1. Basic physiological needs : this needs are basic for human survival and include need for food, shelter, clothing, and other basic necessities of life. Basic salary and other monetary incentivies help to satisfy the physiological needs
2. SAFETY OR SECURITY NEEDS : Safety or security needs aim to ensure that the person will be able to meet the physiological needs not only in present but also in future
a. Physical security i.e against death, injury, illness and other body threats
b. Financial security i.e security os job and good working condition
3. SOCIAL OR AFFILLATION OF BELONGING NEEDS : These needs include the need for love, friendship, affection and social interaction. For eg employees often from informal groups to satisfy their social needs
4. ESTEEM NEEDS :These needs relate to desire for recognition and respect from others. Generally higher level employees are motivated by such needs
5. SELF ACTUALISATION NEEDS : These are the needs of becoming what one really wants to become. Motivation like challenging jobs opportunities for innovation etc..helps to satisfy self actualization need
DIAGRAM SEE FROM THE BOOK
QUESTION : Explain diff financial and non financial incentives?
ANSWER :
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES :
Financial or monetary incentives refers to incentives or rewards which can be calculated in terms of money
1. PAY AND ALLOWANCES : Salary is the basic monetary incentive for every employees. It includes basis pay, dearness allowance house rent allowance and other allowances
2. PRODUCTIVITY LINKED WAGE INCENTIVES : Some companies have adopted wage plans in which wage are paid according to performance of employee. For example in case of differential piece wage system, efficient and inefficient workers are paid at different wage rates.
3. BONUS : Bonus is a onetime reward to the employee to achieving higher performance. Bonus is paid either during festival season like diwali
4. Profit sharing : profit sharing means sharing profits carried by a company with employees. Profit sharing is an agreement between employer and employees in which employees are given a share in profits. It reduces the employee to increase the profits of the company
5. Co-partnership / stock option : Under this scheme employees are given an option to purchase shares of the company at a price less then market price. The allotment of shares creates a feeling of ownership to the employees
6. Retirement benefits : Some companies offer various retirement benefits such as provident fund, pension, and gratuity , to provide financial security to employees after their retirement
7. Perquisites: In many companies perquisites and fringe benefits are offered in addition to basis salary and wages for example perks like rent free accommodation car allowance medical aid. Such benefits motivate the employees for better performance
NON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
IT REFERS TO INCENTIVES OR REWARDS WHICH CAN NOT BE MEASURED IN TERMS OF MONEY
1. Status : Status refer to ranking of positions , authority, responsibility. Associated with a job in the organization, higher status helps to satisfy social and esteem needs of the people.
2. Organisational climate : it refers to the characteristics which describe an organization and distinguish one organization from the other. Positive measures by the management helps to create better organizational climate and employee feel motivated in the healthy environment.
3. Career advancement : Every individual aspire for growth and development in his life. Opportunities of promotion and development work as a tonic and encourage employees to exhibit improved performance.
4. Job enrichment : instead of doing the routine jobs, enriched jobs offer employees opportunities for recognition and growth. It improves the job satisfaction and increase the motivation of employees.
5. Employee Recognition programmes : when an employee performs well, he naturally wants to be praised and recognized by his superiors
Recognition may be in the form of congratulating or rewarding the employes
6. Job security : job security means permanence and stability of job.
Security of job improves the performance and attitude of employees towards work
7. Employee participation : Employees feels important when they are asked to make suggestion in their field of activity it provides them psychological satisfaction
8. Employee emporvement : it involves giving more freedom and powers to subordinates, empowerment takes people that their job are important
QUESTION : What do you mean by leadership, explain its concept ?
ANSWER : Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of people towards achievement of organizational goals.
CONCEPT :
1. Leadership indicates ability of an individual to influence others.
2. it indicates interpersonal relations between leader and followers.
3. it is exercised to achieve common goals of the organization
4. it is a continuous process
QUESTION : What do u mean by communication
ANSWER : The tem communication is derived from the latin word ‘ communis which means ) common understanding.) Communication refers to a process of exchange of ideas, views, facts feeling, etc..between two or more persons to reach common understanding.
QUESTION : Explain the features of communication
ANSWER :
1. It is a social process as if involves two or more persons and they exchange ideas, information and knowledge
2. it is a two way process, in which sender sends the information to the receiver, who receives it, understands it and starts acting upon and gives a feedback to the sender.
3. it is all pervasive function as information is exchanged at each and every level to the organization
4. it is a continuous process
5. it aims at creating understanding between sender and receiver
QUESTION : What do u mean by channels of communication ?
ANSWER : A Channel of communication is the path through which information floats from sender to receiver, two main communication channels are
1. formal communication
2. informal communication
QUESTION : What do you mean by formal communication ?
ANSWER : Formal communication refers to official communication taking place in the organization. Formal communication is used to communicate official matters, such as orders, instructions , and other organizational information. The communication may be oral or written, but is generally recorded and filled
QUESTION : Classify the formal communication on the basis of direction ?
ANSWER
CLASSISIFIED AS
1. Download communication
2. upward communication
3. horizontal communication
4. diagonal communication
1. downward communication : Downward communication refers to flow of information from higher level to lower level of the organization. For eg policies, procedures, orders instructions notice for meetings, circular, manuals etc..
2. Upward communication
Upgrade communications refers to flow of information from lower level {subordinate } to higher level (superior ) for eg reports, suggestions, complaints, grievances, progress report, application for grant of leave etc..
Fig upward communication
3. Horizontal communication :
Horizontal or lateral communication refers to flow of information among position of the same level, it takes place between people of different departments working at same level for example a production manger may contact marketing manager to discuss issues related to production and sale of goods
Fig horizontal communication
4. Diagonal communication :
This communication refers to flow of information between persons holding different levels of authority in different departments for example discussions about the production schedule between marketing manager and production foreman is diagonal communication