The Hight Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece

THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS PART 2

THE HIGHT POINT OF GREEK CIVILIZATION: CLASSICAL GREECE

______Greece is the period of Greek history from around 500 B.C. to the ______of Greece by the Macedonian king ______in 338 B.C.
Period of brilliant achievement of ______in Athens under the leadership of ______
Age began with ______between the Greek states & the ______Empire

The Challenge Of Persia

______ was the biggest of the ______city-states (of the big 3, that is)
It developed the best ______power (which includes a navy), was the ______largest in land & the 1st in ______
It becomes the ______power in Greece
The government of Athens was a ______ ("rule by many"), on paper that is
All adult ______had the right to ______
Every male could vote, but they weren't ______to vote & the middle class couldn't take the time to go vote cuz they couldn't ______to close up their shops all the time
So only the ______the ______had the time to vote & on crucial votes, the poor could be ______($) by the rich so that actually Athens functioned like an ______where the rich were running the state
Athens had a neat ceremony called ______
Athenians were ______that leaders would become ______so once a year, in the winter time (nothing better to do), they had a ______for ostracism
If over 6,000 men showed up, there was a ______where one would get a pot shard (broken piece of pottery) & write down the ______of the ______you don't like
If he gets the ______of votes, he's kicked out of ______for 10 years, he's not guilty of anything, he's just making most Greeks ______
Sometimes Athenians got rid of their best ______in the middle of wars cuz they were too good ______
There was also an un-ostracism ______if they needed the guy ______
As Greek civilization ______throughout the Mediterranean region it was inevitable that it would come into contact with the ______Empire to the east
Some Greeks saw the struggle with the Persians as a contest between ______
To the Greeks, a person was a ______of the state, not a ______
Ionian ______cities fell to the ______in southwestern Asia Minor by the mid 6th century B.C.
The Greek cities were restless & a ______in the Ionian Greek cities led by ______broke out in 499 B.C.
The ______sent 20 ships to aid the revolt & helped Milesians capture & burn ______(Persian capital—Lydian satrapy)
Only temporarily, the Persians managed to ______Miletus & reestablish ______by 494 B.C.
The Persian ruler ______now decided to attack the mainland Greeks to gain ______for the Athenian action but also to ______his empire westward & in 490 B.C. a Persian expedition was sent to ______
He developed a foreign ______: If you're ______, go out ______the territory stuff it into the empire

The First Persian Attack

The Persians sailed across the ______Sea, captured ______(also aided the Ionian Greek rebels) on the island of Euboea across from Atticathen ______their army to the plain of Marathon (______miles from Athens)
The Athenians (______but with help from towns in Boeotia) ______the Persians
Persians were lightly ______troops, more mobile & ______& relied heavily on missles
Greek ______were armed with heavy shields & relied on ______thrusts at close range
The Greek hoplites charged across the plain of ______the Persian forces
______, the Persians did not mount another attack against mainland Greece for ______years
In the meantime Athens had acquired a new ______, Themistocles
He persuaded his fellow ______to pursue a new military ______, namely, the development of a ______
They produced about ______vessels, primarily ______(ships with 3 banks of oars)
Darius I was killed during a revolt in ______which kept the Persians from mounting another ______on ______
______, the new Persian monarch, was bent on ______
He was ______as he collected men & material for ______years for the next battle
In the meantime, he sent ______to AthensSparta to ask them if they didn't want to reconsider & ______the Persian Empire before they were stuffed into it anyway
SpartaAthens put the ambassadors to ______(a little tacky don’t ya think)
The ______knew Xerxes was getting ready for ______& they thought he had 5 million men but actually it was more like 150,000 men

The Invasion Of Xerxes

The Persians mounted their invasion (under ______) in 480 B.C. with about 150,000 troops, several hundred naval ships & hundreds of ______ships to feed the large ______
The Persians crossed the Hellespont by forming a ______of ships & then moved through ______on their way to Greece
The Greek ______was to fight at the pass of Thermopylaealong the main road of ______into Boeotia (plug it like a cork making the Persians______)
This would have given the Greek fleet (300 ships) the chance to ______the Persian ______
A Greek force numbering close to 9,000, under the leadership of the Spartan king ______& his contingent of ______hundred Spartans held off the Persian army (150,000) at Thermopylae for 2-3______
Unfortunately for the Greeks, a ______told the Persians of a mountain path they could use to outflank the Greek force (another way ______it)
King Leonidas & the 300 Spartans fought to the ______man
The Athenians now ______by the onslaught of the Persian forces decided to ______Athens & evacuated the population of Attica to the offshore island of ______with the Greek fleet while the Persians ______Athens
Although the Greeks were outnumbered, they managed to ______the Persian fleet (mostly Phoenicians & Ionians) & decisively ______them
With the Persian army still intact, Xerxes was ______by the prospect of another Ionian ______& decided to return to ______leaving the Persian force in Thessaly under control of his general, Mardonius
Early in 479 B.C. the Greeks formed the largest Greek ______seen up to that time
The Athenians ______the Spartans to move north of the Peloponnesus & take on the Persians at ______(northwest of Athens) where the Greek forces decisively ______the Persian army
The Greeks almost lost cuz they were waiting for the Spartans to ______the attack while the Persians were shooting ______at them
The Spartans were holding ______ceremonies examining sheep______for the sign to ______
Finally, Athens attacked without them the Spartans found the right liver & again, the ______mowed over the ______
The remaining Persian forces returned to ______
The Greeks destroyed much of the Persian ______& were overjoyed at their victory but remained ______that the Persians would try again

The Growth Of An Athenian Empire

After the ______of the Persians, Athens stepped in to provide new ______against the Persians by forming a ______called the ______League
Was ______by the Athenians from the beginning with its main ______on the island of ______
Chief officials, treasurers & commanders of the ______were Athenians
Larger states (Lesbos, Samos, & Chios) contributed ______while smaller communities made payments in ______
The Delian League pursued the ______against the ______Empire
All of the Greek states in the ______were ______from Persian control
“No ______” became Athenian policy (some Delian League members wished to ______)
Athenians ______the withdrawn states, ______their walls & took over their fleets, eliminated their ______& forced them to pay ______(Athenian Imperialism)

The Age Of Pericles

At home the Athenians favored the new ______policy (Pericles an aristocrat began a political role)
Under Pericles, Athens embarked on a policy of expanding its new empire abroad (Age of Pericles) & witnessed the height of the Athenian ______as a civilization
Athenians became deeply attached to their ______system
Pericles was the great democratic ______of ______after the Persian Wars
The Greeks were ______of themselves for putting it to the Persians & developed their culture during this period, which ran from 445-431 BC
During this time, the Athenians built a ______around the entire ______
The ______ (high city) had been used for ______before the Persians burned it down but after the Persians left, Athens didn't need it for defense any more, so they built new buildings, like ______& neat stuff on top of it
These were built by Pericles (with funds ______from the ______League) as a work project for the people so they would keep ______him into ______
The ______ was the big temple built for Athens, patron ______of Athens
All the rest of the temples of Greece were razed ______by a later religion that came along (______) because they were to heathen ______
But the Parthenon was ______cuz somebody thought fast stuck a ______on top of it, thereby converting it to the ______of the day
As a matter of fact, the Parthenon almost made it through time intact until about 200-300 years ago when somebody stored their ______in it it blew up
Since then, it's been stacked up again but it's not all ______yet

Athenian Imperialism

The Athenian pursuit of democracy at home was coupled with increasing ______abroad as Athens attempted to create both a ______empire in Greece & a ______empire in the Aegean
Athens attempted to ______its empire on the Greek mainland as well but the creation of a land empire overextended the Athenians & involved them in a series of ______with ______& its allies known as the First ______War
While building its land empire, Athens continued its offensive against ______& at the same time tightened control over the Delian ______
______did take its toll as Pericles recognized the ______of Athenian exhaustion & sought ______

The Great Peloponnesian War (421-404 B.C.)

In the ______that followed the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world divided into _____ major camps: ______& its Peloponnesian League & the ______maritime empire (Delian League) & the little islands around Greece
The ______, who have never gotten along that well, were heading for a major ______called the Peloponnesian ______(431-404 BC) between the city-states
It happened ______the Age of Pericles & was a turning point cuz of the ______to Greek city-states
There were ______ basic ingredients that set the ______for war:
There were 2 major leagues in Greece (______League)
It was started to ______against another Persian attack with Athensas the greatest ______power & it was to defend the ______
Athens took ______the league collected the money to run the ______
Soon, the islands figured out there wasn't going to be any more Persians wanted ______of the League, but Athens was too ______to go against
Besides, Athens needed the ______to put all those fancy buildings up on the ______
Almost ______the important city-states were in one of the two ______
The two leagues saw ______differently as cities in the Peloponnesian League were mostly ______& the Delian League were mostly ______
There were old ______between the member states in ______leagues
Corinth was ______& feared Athens because ______the Persian Wars, Corinth traded in the West & Athens in the East & after the war, Athens was moving in on Corinth's trade ______which was very pushy on Athens' part
There were 4little ______events that, added all together, made war
#1 was called the ______
Corinth had founded the ______of Corcyra on an island years ago (oligarchy but ______to democracy)
Together, Corcyra Corinth had founded a little colony on the coast north of ______
In 436 B.C., a civil war broke out in the colony between government styles with both sides pumping in ______to keep their half of the colony going
In 435 B.C., Corinth sent her ______to chastise the colonies for causing a ______
Corcyra (#3 Navy) beat Corinth (#2 Navy)
Corinth was ______spent the next year building up a ______to go get Corcyra
Corcyra knew they were coming was ______cuz they knew they had won in the first place with a little______& couldn't do it again
Corcyra needed ______!! Corcyra wasn't in a ______
So, where do you go for help against the #2 Navy? You go to the ______Navy which happened to be ______
Incident #2 was the ______
Potidaea was a Corinthian ______way up north on another strip of land but it was a member of the ______League
Every year, Corinth elected an ______to go up & ______the colony so Athens told Potidaea to ______the next official & run themselves
Potidaea______to listen to Athens instead & wanted Corinthian ______, which they'd always had
Athens got ______and sent a small ______to close down the Potidaean ______
Incident #3 was the ______
Megera was a little city-state ______AthensCorinth & a member of the Peloponnesian ______
______passed a series of decrees against Megarian ______which closed off the Delian island ______to Megera that choked off most of Megera's trade
Athens just did it to show off to the other city-states how ______it was
Incident #4 took place at ______(remember the last battle of the Persian Wars?)
______was the big city up there was trying to form a ______league in the area which it wanted to manage but the rest of the Boeotian cities didn't want Thebes in ______
Thebes (______) was in the Peloponnesian League Plataea was ______
The oligarches in Plataea made a ______with Thebesto turn over the city to them & in the middle of the night, the oligarchies opened the city gates of Plataea to let the Theban army in
But the democrats of Plataea moved fast enough to get the ______closed before Thebes got ______of the army in to do the job (they couldn't get _____& couldn't _____ the city)
Plataea offered to let them go if they threw down their ______& went ______
They threw in their weapons the Plataeans ______each one of them
Thebes was ______Athens sent ______to Plataea
In 432 BC, an ______meeting of the Peloponnesian League took place
Everybody was upset & wanted to take on ______
Corinth, Megera Thebes all ______for ______but Sparta voted for ______cuz they can't afford war cuz the ______back home would rise up
Corinth said if Sparta couldn't lead the war, maybe ______had better
Sparta couldn't afford to ______the leadership of the ______cuz that enabled them to order everyone else about & save themselves as a ______resort
______sent an ambassador to Apollo at Delphi to ask what the ______wanted
Apollo said that ______was the cause of all the ______in Greece &, if there was a war, Sparta would ______
Athens said the Spartans ______the ______cuz they don't want their own people believing the ______are against them
______sent an ambassador to Athens demanding that, to avoid ______, Athens do ____ things:
______the Megarian Decrees
Quit hurting Potidaea & open up their ______
Give up the Delian League & make all the islands ______
Athens could have done #1 & #2 easily, but they needed the ______from the ______so they refused to do ______of them
Athens was ready for ______(had 6,000 talents of ______in the treasury all saved up for war) so she could afford to refuse Sparta's terms
No one else had any ______saved up
Athens had about 15,000 ______which were pretty good soldiers but Sparta could field 2-3 times that many so Athens didn't want ______war
On the sea, Athens had 500 ships, 300 of the new style ______ (expensive no one else had any)
Sparta company had about ______triremes
Besides that, Athens had the best ______position in the ______
They had just finished building a ______around the city they built a couple of walls down to their ______(about 3 miles away) called the "______"
At that time, there was no effective ______equipment against walls except to ______out the people on the ______
Athens had included their harbor they controlled the sea so there was no way to ______them out
______was leading Athens (he said don't risk the navy the army, but to fight a war of ______)
2 ways to ______a war
1 is war of total ______where you throw everything at the enemy who then surrenders ______& is a very satisfying war to win
2 is a war of ______which means to keep the war going as long as it's without great ______to yourself until somebody gets ______of fighting & they ______on terms
The war was not in Sparta's best interests cuz they have all those helots waiting at home for the right chance to ______
Athens figured they could keep the war going ______enough that Sparta would have to get ______of the League it would ______
Historians have traditionally divided the war into ______phases
1stphase, the ______War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its ______supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire
This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the ______of Nicias
That treaty, however, was soon undermined by ______fighting in the Peloponnese
Phase 2 in 415 B.C., Athens dispatched a ______expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 B.C.
This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the ______War, or the ______War
In this phase, Sparta, now receiving ______from Persia, supported ______in Athens' subject states in the Aegean SeaIonia, undermining Athens' empire, , eventually, depriving the city of ______supremacy
The destruction of Athens' ______at Aegospotami effectively ______the war, Athens ______in the following year
The Peloponnesian War ______the Ancient Greek world
On the level of ______relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete ______, while Sparta became established as the leading ______of Greece
The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; ______became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely ______, and never regained its pre-war prosperity

The Decline Of The Greek States (404-338 B.C.)

The next ______years witnessed continuing ______among the Greeks, with the leading roles shifting among Sparta, Athens & the new Greek power ______
With no more Athenian empire, ______headed by local “______” (ten-man board) were placed in control of the ______Athenian states
“Thirty Tyrants” (ruling faction of 30) ______1500 of their democratic ______
The Athenians would reestablish their ______in 403 B.C. & again become a force in the Greek world
As the Greek states continued their petty wars, king Philip II of ______was developing a ______state that would finally end the destructive nature of the Greek states by imposing Macedonian ______

CULTURE & SOCIETY OF CLASSICAL GREECE

Classical Greece saw a period of remarkable ______growth throughout the Greek world

The Writing Of History

______as we know it, the systematic analysis of past ______was a Greek creation
Herodotus (______Greek from Asia Minor) was the author of The Persian Wars, a work commonly regarded as the ______real history in Western Civilization
Thucydides (by far a better historian—considered by many the ______of the ancient world) was an Athenian & a ______in the Peloponnesian War
He had been elected a ______, but a defeat in battle led the Athenian assembly to send him into ______where he described his activities in History of the Peloponnesian War
He was not concerned with underlying divine ______or ______as explanations in history
He saw ______in purely rational terms as the activities of ______beings
He provided remarkable insight into the human condition & believed that human nature was a ______

Greek Drama

______as we know it was created by the Greeks & was clearly intended to do more than ______
It was used to ______citizens & was supported by the ______for that reason
______were presentedin ______theatres as part of ______festivals
The first Greek drams were ______, plays based on the suffering of a _____ & usually ending in disaster
Aeschylus was the first ______whose plays (with ______plots) are known to us
Out of 90 tragedies only 7 have ______
The ______is the only ______(set of 3) that we possess that was written by Aeschylus
Agamemnon (King of Mycenae) returs a hero from the defeat of ______
His ______avenges the sacrificial death of her ______by murdering Agamemnon who was responsible for ______death
In the 2nd play, Agamemnon’s son ______avenges his fathers death by ______his mother & is then pursued by the avenging ______who torment him for killing her
In the 3rd, evil ______breed evil acts & Orestes is put on ______& acquitted by Athena (patron goddess of Athens); personal vendetta has been eliminated & the ______has prevailed
______was another great Athenian playwright who wrote Oedipus the King
Fortells that a man (Oedipus) will ______his own ______& marry his ______
Despite all attempts at ______, the tragic events occur with ______determined by the gods
Euripides (another Athenian tragedian) moved beyong his predecessors in creating more ______characters
His plots were more ______, reflecting a greater interest in real ______situations
Greek tragedies dealt with universal ______that are still relevant in our society ______
They probed problems such as ______& evil, conflict between ______values & the demands of the state or ______, the rights of the individual, the nature of ______forces & the nature of human ______
Over & over agin the tragic ______was ______
Humans were free & yet could operate only within the limitations of the gods
Ancient Greek ______developed later than tragedy & was one of the final three principal dramatic forms in the theatre of classical Greece (the others being tragedy & the satyr play)
Atheniancomedy is conventionally divided into three periods, ______Comedy, ______Comedy, & ______Comedy
Old Comedy ______today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely ______, i.e. preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis
______Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of Menander
The philosopher ______wrote in his Poetics (c. 335 BC) that comedy is a representation of ______people & involves some kind of ______or ugliness which does not cause ______or disaster

The Arts: The Classical Ideal