Essentials of Fire Fighting (4Th Edition-FF1)-All Statements

Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 1-Firefighter Orientation & Safety
FF 1 Test Review (Statements)

Unity of Command is based on the principle that a person can ONLY report to 1 supervisor.
Chain of Command is the pathway of responsibility from highest to lowest.
An officer can effectively supervise 3 to 7 firefighters.
Span of Control is the number of personnel that one person can effectively manage.
Division of Labor is used to assign responsibility.
Discipline is the setting/enforcement of limits or boundaries for expected performance.
NFPA 1001 states the requirements for firefighters.
A fire company is a group of firefighters assigned to a specific apparatus.
Typical duties of a FF1 or FF2 are to attend training, perform salvage, ensure loss control measures, climb ladders, and administer 1st aid.
The fire apparatus Driver/Operator is responsible for operating mechanical equipment at a fire scene.
The fire department Safety Officer is responsible for safety of emergency operations.
The fire department Officer is responsible for resources and planning.
Information Systems personnel are responsible for maintaining electronic databases.
Telecommunicators are responsible for dispatching units.
Fire police personnel are responsible for assisting police with traffic control.
NBC stands for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical.
NFPA 742 states the competencies for hazmat responders.
The public fire and life safety educator is responsible for informing the public about fire hazards and safety.
NFPA 1003 states the qualifications for airport firefighters.
The fire protection engineer/specialist is responsible for advising a department's upper administration on department operations and fire prevention.
Fire and arson investigators conduct investigations of a fire area.
Fire prevention officers conduct technical and supervisory work in the fire prevention program.
An Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) license is required to provide basic life support.
A Paramedic (EMT-P) license is required to provide advanced life support.
The drillmaster is responsible for administering all department training activities.
A policy is a guide to decision-making.
A procedure is a detailed guide to action.
An order is a written or verbal instruction based on policy or procedure.
A directive is a written or verbal instruction NOT based on policy or procedure.
A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a predetermined plan for an emergency situation.
Fireground priorities are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation.
Facilities is part of the service branch of Logistics in the IMS system.
SOP's are usually initiated by the first-responding companies.
Operations is responsible for directing tactical operations in the IMS system.
Planning is responsible for collecting, evaluating, disseminating, and using information about the incident in the IMS system.
Logistics is responsible for providing facilities, services, and materials in support of an incident in the IMS system.
A Division is a geographic designation assigning responsibility for all operations within an assigned area.
A Group is a functional unit.
The Incident Commander (IC) is in charge of an overall incident.
Brush Companies are usually used to extinguish fires in the urban interface.
Truck Companies are usually used to perform forcible entry.
Fire Protection Engineers usually act as consultants on fire department operations and fire prevention.
Engine Companies usually deploy hoselines for attack and exposure protection.
The local EMS system and SOP's determine the level of 1st aid training required by firefighters.
Triage is the sorting of victims by severity of injury.
Firefighters may be called on by law enforcement for forcible entry purposes.
Most firefighter injuries are preventable.
NFPA 1500 contains the minimum requirements for a fire department safety and health program.
The basic concept of a health and safety program is to provide safety throughout the fire department.
A good safety program will reduce accidents and exposures, prevent human suffering, and prevent damage/loss of equipment.
The success of a safety program begins with the top of the chain of command.
The fire department is responsible for limiting the number of stress-related accidents and injuries.
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are available to all fire department members and their immediate families.
A minor debriefing should occur when firefighters are required to work more than 1 shift under psychologically stressful conditions.
Participation in critical stress debriefing should be mandatory, regardless of the employees ability to cope with situations.
EAPs should provide referrals to health care services when necessary.
Firefighters should be aware of cardiovascular and cancer risks.
The most common danger a firefighter faces is riding the fire apparatus.
Firefighters riding in open-cab seats should wear helmet and eye protection.
Hearing protection should be worn when noise levels exceed 90 decibels.
The best place for a firefighter to be on a fire apparatus is seated and belted in a fully enclosed cab.
Handrails should not be used when trying to jump free of an apparatus in contact with electrical wires.
Use of safety bars on open-cab apparatus is not as safe as fully enclosed cabs.
The fire department is responsible for the safety of visitors in the fire station.
Back injuries are the most expensive type for firefighter injury in terms of worker's compensation.
Good housekeeping is essential in preventing slip, trip, and fall accidents.
Back strains are the most common injury when improper lifting and carrying techniques are used.
Cheater bars should never be used to provide extra leverage for a tool.
Tools should be inspected before and after each use.
A tool should not be modified before consulting the manufacturer.
Tools should be cleaned and stored after each use.
It is never acceptable to bypass the ground plug of a 3-prong plug.
Rotary and Chain saws are the most commonly used saws in the fire service.
Saws should be allowed to cool before refueling.
No power saw should be used in atmospheres containing flammables.
Non-essential persons should always be kept out of work areas.
A hoseline should be available any time a power saw that produce sparks is used.
NFPA 1500 requires that personnel who may engage in structural firefighting, participate in training at least monthly.
All personnel participating in training must wear full protective gear.
Before training, personnel with severe headaches or colds should be given a physical exam to determine their fitness for tasks at hand.
It is considered unprofessional for firefighters to take unnecessary risks.
Horseplay during training can be prevented by ensuring everyone can see demonstrations and allow all to participate in activities.
Firefighter actions may be limited by the IC based on the chances of the operation being successful.
Firefighters are not responsible for the situation of victims. They are only there to help.
Law enforcement personnel is usually responsible for emergency scene control, however, fire personnel may assist.
It is the responsibility of the IC to secure and manage an emergency scene.
Friends and relatives of victims should be kept away from the actual incident, but within the cordoned area with a firefighter or other person.
Establishing zone boundaries depends on work area needed, degree of hazard, and general topography.
Firefighter ID tags should be turned in prior to entering the fireground.
The SCBA tag system provides accountability in addition to tracking of time remaining for air bottles.
Personnel Accountability Systems should also account for personnel who respond to a scene in vehicles other than fire department apparatus.
Personnel entering hazardous atmospheres will have a record of time of entry and time of exit.
Relief crews are sent in shortly before the estimated time that the first crew's SCBA low-pressure alarms will sound.

Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 2-Fire Behavior
FF 1 Test Review (Statements)

The English system of measurement is commonly used in the U.S.
S.I. stands for International System of Units.
Mass in the S.I. system is measured in kilograms (kg).
An example of spontaneous heating, a type of chemical heat energy, is oil-soaked rags that can burst into flames without an external source of heat.
An example of mechanical heat energy is compression (when SCBA bottle feels warm after being filled).
Black smoke becoming dense gray/yellow may indicate a backdraft situation.
The buildup of heat from a fire until all contents are heated to their ignition temperature and simultaneously combust is termed flashover.
Normal atmospheric air contains 21% oxygen.
Backdrafts can be prevented by ventilating to release trapped hot gases and smoke.
In regards to self-heating, each 18oF increase in temperature causes heating reaction to double.
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1oC.
Convection is the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid.
Thermal imbalance may occur is water is applied improperly to a non-ventilated fire area.
The measurement of gravity on a specific mass best describes weight in the S.I. System.
Work is defined as the application of force to an object over a distance.
Power is defined as the amount of energy delivered over a given time period.
The S.I. System equivalent to horsepower is Watts.
Low flash point liquids cannot be easily extinguished by cooling with water.
0oC is the freezing point of ice and 100oC is the boiling point in the metric unit termed Celsius.
Warm objects tend to radiate heat.
Oxygen content as low as 14% can support combustion at room temperature.
Joules is the approved S.I. unit for all forms of energy.
Ignition Temperature is defined as the minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.
The transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated liquids and gases is termed convection.
Oxidation is a form of combustion.
A British Thermal Unit is the amount of heat needed to raise 1 pound of water 1oF.
A charged hose with the nozzle closed is a form of potential energy.
The rate of heat transfer is faster when temperature differences between the objects increases.
Chemical flame inhibition cannot be used to extinguish a fire in the smoldering stage.
32oF is the freezing point of ice and 212oF is the boiling point in the U.S. unit of temperature measurement termed Fahrenheit.
Heat cannot be conducted in a vacuum because there is no medium for point-to-point contact.
Insulation made of fine particles or fibers with voids between them make the best insulators.
An example of friction is when a vehicle's brakes are applied and build up heat energy.
Heat will transfer between objects as long as the temperatures are different.
Heat is the most common type of energy.
Conduction is the heat transferred from gases to structural components when the gases and components are in direct contact.
Liquids with a specific gravity less than 1 will float, while less than 1 sinks.
Vapors with a vapor density less than 1 will rise in air, while less than 1 sinks.
Combustion is an exothermic (heat-releasing) reaction.
Hot rising gases will rise to the top of the space and then spread out laterally.
Radiation is the major source of fire spread to exposures.
Gaseous fuels are the most dangerous fuel type.
The physical position of solid fuels is usually of more concern than liquid fuel fires.
Flammable limits of fuels are usually reported at atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
Large volumes of unburned gases are produced when a compartment fire is fully developed.
Additional fuel becomes involved just prior to a flashover.
Polyurethane Foam has a high maximum hear release rate.
Sodium Nitrate, an oxidizer, can burn in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
Flameover is a condition in which flames move through unburned gases.
Flames may not be present in a smoldering fire.
When a burning gas mixes with the proper amount of oxygen, it burns hotter and less luminous.
Gasoline cannot be extinguished easily by temperature reduction.
The volume and height of a compartment significantly affects fire behavior within that compartment.
Flooding an area with an inert gas is an example of extinguishment by oxygen exclusion.
Halon is used to interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming.
The most common hazardous substance in smoke is carbon monoxide.
Ordinary combustibles are considered Class A fuels.
Flammable and combustible liquids are considered Class B fuels.
Energized electrical equipment is considered Class C fuels.
Combustible metals are considered Class D fuels.
Cooling with water or foam works best with Class A fuels.
Alcohol is a polar solvent.
Smothering or blanketing works best on Class B fuels.
Fuel-specific agents may be needed to cover up and smother a Class D fire.
Allowing a fuel to burn until all fuel is consumed is an example of fuel removal.
Halon, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide extinguishers may be used on Class C fuels.
Ingition in an oxygen-rich environment generally takes lesser temperatures.
All fire require some type of ignition.
MSDS sheets or an ERG guides should be used to determine extinguishment methods for Class D fires.

Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 3-Building Construction
FF 1 Test Review (Statements)

Basic knowledge of building construction allows firefighters to recognize potential dangers and plan for a safe and effective fire attack.
Not all building code classification systems use the same terminology.
Compartmentation in fire-resistive buildings retards fire spread.
Most building codes have 5 classifications of construction types.
Openings in partitions in Type I (fire-resistive) construction can provide pathways for fire spread.
Fire load is the maximum heat that can be produced if all combustible materials in a given area burn.
All fire walls are given a "time" fire rating.
Construction classifications are based on the number of hours of fire protection provided by the structural members and their fire-resistance ratings.
Wood shake roofs are not effective barriers against fire.
Type I construction is known as fire-resistive construction.
Type II construction is known as noncombustible or limited combustible construction.
Type III construction is known as ordinary construction.
Type IV construction is known as heavy timber construction.
Type V construction is known as wood-frame construction.
The primary concern of Type II (noncombustible or limited combustible) construction buildings is the contents of the building.
Built-up roofs of felt, insulation, and roofing tar are of the most concern in Type II (noncombustible or limited combustible) construction.
Fire and smoke spread into concealed spaces is a primary concern for Type III (ordinary) construction.
Fire can burn unnoticed within concealed spaces by consuming materials within that space.
Type III (ordinary) construction hazards can be reduced by placing fire stops in concealed spaces.
Exterior and interior walls of Type IV (heavy-timber) construction are made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials.
Type V (wood-frame) construction presents an almost unlimited potential for fire spread within the building of origin and to exposure buildings.
Examples of Type IV (heavy timber) construction include churches, old factories, and old mills.
The primary fire hazard with Type IV (heavy timber) construction is the massive amounts of combustible structural timbers.
Heavy timber will remain stable for long periods of time under fire conditions but give off tremendous heat.
Type V (wood-frame) construction is characterized by exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made completely of wood or other approved materials (smaller than Type IV-Heavy Timber).
Fire coming from doors or windows and extending to the exterior of a structure must be monitored with Type V (wood-frame) construction.
Interior walls may not be able to be distinguished as load-bearing just by looking at them.
A party wall is a load-bearing wall that supports 2 adjacent structures.
The risk of fire spread is considerable when a building is under construction.
Cantilever walls are freestanding walls.
Fire walls divide structures into smaller portions but do not prevent fire spread to other floors (lateral spread only).
It is the responsibility of all personnel to monitor and report unsafe structural conditions.
Large amounts of combustible materials in an area of a building is termed heavy fire loading.
Warehouses often present heavy content loading.
Combustible furnishings and finishes provide potential for rapid fire spread and toxic products of combustion.
Disabled alarm systems may be found in building that are being renovated.
Wood shake shingles are a common problem in wildland/urban interface fires.
Proper vertical ventilation can slow the spread of fire in buildings with large, open spaces.
Heavy content fire loading can be identified/corrected by proper inspection and code enforcement.
Indicators of potential building collapse include: unusual creaking, deteriorated mortar, and cracks or separations in walls, floors, and ceilings.
Collapse zones should be set at 1 1/2 times the height of the building.
Lightweight metal/wood truss systems are likely to fail completely if one member fails.
After 5 to 10minutes, lightweight metal/wood trusses will fail.
Type V (wood-frame) construction is most commonly used to construct typical single-family residences.

Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 4-Personal Protective Equipment
FF1 Test Review (Statements)

NFPA 1973 sets the requirements for personal protective equipment.
Firefighters should leave hazardous areas immediately upon hearing low-pressure SCBA alarm.
Faceshields on helmets provide only secondary protection (goggles are primary).
Chlorine can be expected to be present in large quantities at water treatment plants.
Approved methods for emergency exit of a building include following a hoseline out, contacting a wall and crawling in only one direction, and activating PASS device/call out for help.
NFPA 1404 contains the requirements for SCBA programs.
Lightweight helmets and goggles are preferred for wildland firefighting.
3/4 boots are no longer acceptable for structural firefighting.
Safety glasses or goggles are necessary during