English and SI Unit Conversion Factors
Length / Mass / Volume / Extra*
2.54 cm = 1 inch / 1 kg = 2.2 lbs / 1 gal = 3.79 L / 1 mL = 1 cm3
1 m = 39.37 inches / 1 lb = 454 grams / 1 L = 1.06 qts / 1 calorie = 4.184 joules
1 km = 0.62 miles / 28.3 g = 1 oz / 236.6 mL = 1 cup
1 foot = 12 inches / 1 lb = 454 grams / 4 qts = 1 gal / 1 mL of water has a mass of 1 gram
1 yard = 3 feet / 1 ton = 907.19 kg / 2 cups = 1 pint
1 mile = 5280 feet / 2000 lbs = 1 ton / 2 pints = 1 quart
*1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101,326 pascals = 760 torr
Polyatomic Ions
hydronium / H3O+
ammonium / NH4+
chlorate / ClO3-
chlorite / ClO2-
nitrate / NO3-
nitrite / NO2-
hydrogen carbonate / HCO3-
(bicarbonate)
hydroxide / OH-
permanganate / MnO4-
acetate / C2H3O2-
cyanide / CN-
sulfate / SO42-
sulfite / SO32-
carbonate / CO32-
chromate / CrO42-
peroxide / O22-
phosphate / PO43-
phosphite / PO33-
Important Chemistry Equations and Constants*
oC = K - 273 / M1V1 = M2V2 / Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
oC = (oF -32 )/1.8 / pH = -log[H+]
oF = (1.8 oC ) + 32 / pOH = -log[OH-] / Mass Percent =
(m solute / m solution) x 100
K = oC + 273 / pH + pOH = 14
D = M/V / Inv log(-pH) = [H+] / Kw = 1 x 10-14 = [H+] [OH-]
Q = m x s x Δt / PV = nRT / *R = 0.0821 atm ∙ L / mol ∙ K

General Solubility Rules /
Ions that form
Soluble Compounds / Exceptions / Ions that form Insoluble Compounds / Exceptions /
Group 1 Ions / --- / Carbonate / When combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium /
Acetate / --- / Chromate / When combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium /
Ammonium / --- / Hydroxide / When combined with Group 1 ions, Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ /
Chlorate / --- / Oxide / When combined with Group 1 ions, Group 2 ions or ammonium /
Halides (Cl-, Br-, I-) / When combined with Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+ / Phosphate / When combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium /
Hydrogen carbonate / --- / Sulfide / When combined with Group 1 ions, Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ /
Nitrate / --- / Sulfite / When combined with Group 1 ions, Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ /
Sulfate / When combined with Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+ /