Legal System - Family Law

4

© Thishantha Wijayakoon 97/L/3485, &

Indika Sampath Cooray 97/L/ 3319.

Faculty of Law, University of Colombo. http://wikoon.itgo.com

Law of delict

ms%hdks fidhsid kvqj iy ldrK;ajfha iudkqmd;sl mrSlaIKh

oS,sla; kS;sh hkq hï mqoa.,fhl=g fyda foam,lg fyda mqoa.,fhl=f.a fm!¾Ihg ydks lrk wdldrfha kS;súfrdaOS ls%hdjla fyda fkdlr yerSula ioyd isú,a iykhla f,i jkaos ,ndoSu wruqKq lr.;a kS;shls' fï hgf;a hful=g jkaos ,nd.ekSug wjYH kï wlaù,shdkq kvqlrh fhdod.; hq;= w;r tysoS kS;súfrdaOS ls%hdj" jro ^ fkdie,ls,a, fyda fÉ;kdj&" ldrK;ajh yd uq,H ydksh hk wjYH;djhka ish,a, Tmamq l<hq;=h' fï w;rska ldrK;ajh ms<sno wjYH;dj fuysoS fjfiiska úuid nef,a' ienúkau frdau ,kafoaishdkq kS;shg iudka;r " bx.S%is f;dar; kS;sfha;a fuu ldrK;ajh wjOdrKh jk w;r YS% ,dxlSh fn!oaO oDIaàka wkqjo ls%hdfõ yd tys m%;sM,fha fya;=M, iïnkaOh hkak ,dxlslhkag myiqfjka f;areï .; yelsh'

ldrK;ajh hkq meñKs,slreg isÿjq ydkshg ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj fyda fkdlryerSu fya;=m, jYfhka fldf;la ÿrg tlsfklg iïnkaO jkafkao hkak úuiSuhs' fkdie,ls,a, ksid A f.a ;=jlal=j m;a;= ù B g jeoS B tflfkysu ñhhhs kï B f.a urKhg taldka; fya;=j jkafka A f.a fkdie,ls,a, hs' fuys fya;=M, iïnkaOh fyj;a ldrK;ajh b;d meyeos,s ksid B f.a urKhg A g j.lSu mejrSu myiqh' tfy;a isÿjq ydkshg" fya;= tllg jeä .Kkla iïnkaO ù we;s oS¾> ls%hdj,shla mj;sk wjia:djl ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj;a tu ydksh;a w;r fya;=M, iïnkaOh fiùu ÿIalrh' tysoS ydkshg ;=vqÿka fya;=ka w;r ú;a;slreg iïnkaO fya;=j fkdue;af;akï fyda ;snqKo th b;d wvq jeo.;alula orhs kï fyda wod, ydksfha iïmQ¾K j.lSu ú;a;slreg mejrSu idOdrK fkdfõ' ;jo ú;a;slref.a ls%hdfõ m%fhdacH Yla;sh Y=kH lrñka wod, ydkshg wdikak fya;=j jYfhka w¨;au fya;=jla ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj yd wjika ydksh w;rueog meñKshfyd;a j.lSu mejrsh hq;= jkafka tu wdikak fya;=jg ñi ú;a;slreg fkdfõ' oS,sla; kS;sfha muKla fkdj wmrdO kS;sfha mjd fufia ldrK;ajh fidhd n,kafka fufia ;udg wd.ka;=l yd ;udf.ka mrsndysr jq j.lSula ú;a;slrefjl=g mejrSu je,elaùughs' ñka fmkS hkafka ldrK;ajh hkq ú;a;slref.a j.lSu iSudlrk ffk;sl WmlrKhla ( Liability Limiting Mechanism) njhs' flfia fj;;a oS,sla; kS;sfha yd f;dar; kS;sfha ldrK;ajh ys w¾:ksrEmKh ksIaÑ; ke;' ldrK;ajh ms<no wêlrKh orkakdjq wdl,amh kHdhd;aul wkqñ;Ska u; fkdj w;aoelSï u; rodmj;sk nj uydpd¾h cS t,a mSrSia mjihs [1]' tfukau isoaêuh lreKq weiqfrka idudkHfhka ne¨ne,aug fmfkk fya;=M, iïnkaOhg jvd kS;sfhka wfmalaId lrk fya;=M, iïnkaOh fjkia fõ' fuksid ldrK;ajh ;=< isoaêuh ldrK;ajh yd kS;suh ldrK;ajh f,i fldgia fohdldrhla we;s w;r isoaêuh fya;=M, iïnkaOhla mej;=k;a ;u ls%hdj yd ydksh w;r kS;sfhka wfmalaId lrk ióm;ajh fkdue;s nj ú;a;slreg Tmamq l< yels kï tu kS;suh ldrK;ajh fyj;a ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh Tmamq fkdùu u; Tyqg j.lSfuka ksoyia úh yel[2]'

fuu ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh úuiSug fkk;sl rS;Ska lSmhla f.dvke.S we;' Rcq m%;sM, kshuh fyj;a DIRECT CONSEQUENCES TEST " m%udKql=, mrSlaIKh fyj;a ADEQUATE CAUSE TEST " mq¾fõlaIK m%;sM, kshuh fyj;a FORESEEABILITY TEST " iy ñYs%; mrSlaIKh fyj;a COMPOSITE TEST " jYfhks' fï w;rska mq¾fõlaIK m%;sM, kshuh" kS;sh hgf;a jeo.;a f,i ie,l=j;a oeä újdohkag nÿka ù we; '

mq¾fõlaIKh hkq ;u ls%hdfjka wod, ydksh isÿúh yels njg ú;a;slreg mq¾jfhka ksrSlaIKh lsrSug fyj;a l,ska oekf.k isàug yelsùo hkakhs' ldrK;ajh hgf;a ú;a;slreg ydks mq¾fõlaIKh l< fkdyels ;rfï tlla kï tu ydksh b;d ÿria:r tlla f,i i,ld Tyqj j.lSfuka uqojhs' kuq;a .eg¨j jkafka oS,sla; kS;sfha fkdie,ls,a, hgf;a fukau f;dar; kS;sfha wjOdkfha hq;=lu hgf;a;a mq¾fõlaIK yelshdj úuid ne,Suhs' fuksid ydksfha ÿria:Ndjfha iuyr o!Iaàka wjOdkfha hq;=lu iïnkaO lreKq j,ska fjkafldg oelsùu wmyiqh' fuu ish¨ lreKq kso¾YK kvqjla u.ska ;jÿrg;a meyeos,s lr.ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r tys,d ms%hdks fidhsid t' w¾il=,r;ak[3] kvqj fhdod.ekSu jeo.;a hehs is;ñ'

fuysoS meñKs,slre kvqmjrd ;snqfka <ud frda. úfYaI{ ffjoHjrshla jq ú;a;sldrshf.a ffjoHuh fkdie,ls,a, ksid ;u isjq yeúrsos oshKsh urKh m;aùu fya;= fldg oshKshf.a wdorh " fifkyi wysñùu u; ;udg isÿjq udkisl fõokdjg;a" wkd.;fha oS orejdf.ka ,eìh yelsj ;snq bmhSñ yd /ljrKh fkd,eîhdug;a " ffjoH úhoï mshjd .ekSug;a jkaos ,nd.ekSu ioydhs' ;Skaÿ jqfha ú;a;sldrshf.a fkdie,ls,a, Tmamq jqj;a th orejdf.a urKhg fya;= fkdùu fyj;a ldrK;ajh Tmamq fkdùu u; ú;a;sldrsh jkaos f.úh hq;= ke;s njhs' ukao h;a oershg Brain Stem Glioma (BSG) kue;s udrdka;sl fud<fha ms<sld frda.h je<oS ;snq ksid ú;a;sldrshf.a fkdie,ls,a,la fkdue;s jqj;a oershf.a urKh fkdje,elaúh yelshehs lreKq bosrsm;a jq neúks [4]' ú;a;sldrsh tu frda.h yÿkd.ekSug wjYH iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj lrfkd;snq w;r ta fjkqjg tu frda.h (Rheumatic Chorea; RC) f,i jeros frda. ksIaphla fldg i;s lsmhla ;siafia m%;sldr l<dh' miqj oersh úfYaI{ ffjoH uydpd¾h ,udnÿiqrsh fj; ndrjq w;r oershf.a frda. ,laIK j, j¾Okh ksid Tyq iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj lf<ah' bka fud<fha ms<sldj yÿkd.;a kuq;a ta jk úg tu ms<sldj Y,H l¾uhlska m%fõY úh fkdyels uOHu fud<hgo jHdma; ù ;snq ksid Y,Hl¾uhla fldg ms<sldj bj;a l< fkdyels úh' miq oskfhaoS oersh ñh.sfhah' flfia jqj;a ú;a;sldrsh wod, iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fldg l,a we;sj ksjeros frda. ksIaphlg meñKsh;a oershf.a ;;ajh fydo w;g yerùug fyda wehf.a cSú; ld,h iq¨fjka jeälsrSu ioyd ñi wef.a urKh je<elaùug th fya;= úh yels nj kvqfõoS YlH;d jeänr u; Tmamq fkdúKs' wêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf,a iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fkdlsrSu" ffjoHjrshf.a fkdie,ls,a, ia:dmkh lrk kuq;a th oershf.a urKhg fya;=M, iïnkaOhla ke;s njhs'

wêlrKh uq,skau fya;=M, iïnkaOh fyj;a isoaÊuh ldrK;ajh úuiSu ioyd th tfia fkdfõ kï kue;s mrSlaIKh ( But for test) fhdod we;' tkï fuysoS " ú;a;sldrshf.a fkdie,ls,a, fkdfõ kï wod, urKh fõo hk m%YaKh k.d we;' fuysoS isÿjkafka isoaêuh lreKq weiqfrka muKla ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj;a wod, ydksh;a w;r fya;=M, iïnkaOhla ;sfíoehs úuiSuhs' mej;s idlaIs weiqfrka wêlrKh iïmdokh lr.;af;a Tú hk ms<s;=rhs' tys,d ksoraYk kvq lSmhlao olajk ,os' Barnett[5] kvqfõoS jukh hñka isá frda.sfhl= flfrys ksis ffjoH ie,ls,a, fkdoelaùu ksid Tyq ñh.sh w;r frda.hg fya;=j jqfha wdiksla úYùuhs' tfy;a ffjoH mrSlaIdjla l<;a ta jkúg frda.shd urKhg m;aùu fkdje,elaúh yelsj ;sìKehs Tmamq jq ksid ú;a;sldr ffjoHjrhdg j.lSu fkdmejrsKs' Fish[6] kvqfõoS yl= wia:sh leãhdu ms<sno ksjerosj frda. ksIaph fkdlsrSu wod, oka; ffjoHjrhdf.a fkdie,ls,a, úh' tfy;a Tyqg tys,d j.lSu fkdmerefõ ksjeros frda.h ksIaph l<;a Bg l<yels id¾:l m%;sldrhla fkdjq neúks'

ó,.g wêlrKfha wjOdkh kS;suh ldrK;ajh fyj;a ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh flfrys fhduq jq nj fmfka' ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh hgf;a we;s Rcq m%;sM, kshuh ysoS úuikafka wod, ydksh ú;a;slref.a ls%hdfõ Rcq m%;sM,hlao hkakhs' ienúkau ms%hdks fidhsid isoaêfhaoS oershf.a urKh isÿù ;snqfka jeros m%;sldrhla ,ndoSfuka fkdfõ' rEueála WKg ,ndÿka m%;sldr u.ska oershg ydkshla jq nj fkdfmfka' urKhg wdikak fya;=j jqfha blauKska frda. ksIaph fkdlsrSu u; kshñ; ld,fhaoS fud<fha ie;alula lsrSug fkdyelsùuhs' wêlrKfha wdl,amh jqfha ffjoHjrsh f.a fkdie,ls,a, jkafka ksjeros frda. ksIaph fkdlsrSu fkdj frda. ksIapfhys,d jeo.;a úh yels iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fkdlsrSu muKs' ukao oershj ú;a;sldrsh fj; bosrsm;a lrk wjia:dfõoS mej;s frda. ,laIK wkqj TzkEu hqla;siy.; ffjoHjrfhl=g ksjeros frda. ksIaphg t<USug fkdyels njg wêlrKh úYajdi l< ksidh' fuys m%;sm,h jkafka ú;a;sldrshf.a fkdie,ls,a, wod, urKhg Rcq m%;sm,hla fkdfõh hk u;h chf.k ffk;sl ldrK;ajh ìojeàuhs' ñka fmkS hkafka fya;=M, iïnkaOh ;SrKh lsrSug fkdie,ls,a, yd wjOdkfha hq;=lu ;=< idlÉPd flfrk hqla;siy.; mqoa.,hdf.a ixl,amho Wmfhda.S jq njhs' ydksfha ÿria:Ndjfha iuyr o!Iaáka wjOdkfha hq;=lu iïnkaofhka u;=jk lreKq j,ska fjkafldg oelaúuo myiq fkdjkafka tneúks'

;jo fya;=M, iïnkaOhfha wjidkh iy ydksfha ÿria:Ndjfha wdrïNh isÿjk lvbï ,laIh fyj;a isoaosuh yd ks;suh ldrK;ajh w;r fjki biau;= lrk jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh úuisfïys,d fhfok mq¾fõlaIK m%;sM, kshuh hs' fuh Wagon Mound 1[7] kvqfõos olajkakg fhÿks' mq¾fõlaIKh hkq ;u ls%hdfjka wod, ydksh isÿúh yels njg ú;a;slreg mq¾jfhka ksrSlaIKh lsrSug fyj;a l,ska oekf.k isàug yelsùo hkakhs' ldrK;ajh hgf;a ú;a;slreg ydks mq¾fõlaIKh l< fkdyels ;rfï tlla kï tu ydksh b;d ÿria:r tlla f,i i,ld Tyqj j.lSfuka uqojhs' m%shdks fidhsid kvqfõos mq¾fõlaIK ms,sno lsisjla ioyka fkdfõ' tfy;a by; oelajq mrsos fkdie,ls,a, ixia:dmkfhys,d hqla;s iy.;Ndjh fhdod .eksu ;=,ska jl%dldrj mq¾fõlaIKh fhdod.kakd nj fmfka' Kruger v. Coetzee[8] kvqfõos fkdie,ls,a, w¾:oelajqfha" hï hqla;siy.; mqoa.,fhl=g ;u ls%hdfjka hï wk;=rla isÿúh yelshehs mq¾fõlaIKh l< yels kïo tu ydksh je<elaùug Tyqg hqla;siy.; mshjr .;yels kïo Tyq tu hqla;siy.; mshjr fkdf.k isáhd kïo Tyq fkdie,ls,af,ka ls%hdl<dhehs ie,lsfuks' fkdie,ls,a, ms<sno f;dar;fhaoS ú;a;slreg meñKs,slre flf¾ wjOdkfha hq;=lula yg.kafka meñKs,slreg isÿjq ydksh ú;a;slreg mq¾fõlaIKh l< yelskï muKs' Bourhill[9] kvqfõos yd Alcock[10] kvqfõos fï nj oelaúks' wfkla w;g ;udg wjOdkfha hq;=lula fkdue;s mqoa.,fhl=g W;a.; jk ydkshla fyda ;udg lsisf,ilska mq¾jdKqudk l, fkdyels ydkshla hkq ieneúkau ú;a;slref.a l%shdfjka fndfyda ÿria:rj we;s m%;sM,hlehs kS;sh úiska ie,lSu jrola ke;' ffjoH fkdie,ls,a, ms,sno kvqj,oS fhfok hqla;sidy.;Ndjh hkq m%YaK.; ffjoHjrhdf.a ;;ajfha isák ^tkï oekqfuka Knowledge,ksmqK;ajfhka Skill yd iïm;a j,ska Resources ) ffjoHjrekaf.a ;;ajh nj oelafõ' fuys,d ms%hdKs fidhsid kvqfõos fnd,ï mrslaIKh fyj;a ú;a;sldr ffjoHjrhd iudkHfhka ms,s.;a ffjoH Ndú;h wkqj lghq;=lr we;ao hk nj úuisu iy fnd,hsf;da mrSlaIKh fyj;a ú;a;slre hqla;siy.;j muKla fkdj j.lsï iy.; iy f.!rjkSh ffjoHjrfhl= f,i l%shdfldg we;ao hk j. úuisu isÿlr ;sfí' ieneúkau idudkH ffjoH Ndú;h ;=, lghq;= lrk j.lsï iy.; ffjoHjrshlg ydks mq¾fõlaIK yelshdjo ;sìh hq;=nj wuq;=fjka meyeos,s lr .; hq;=ke;' ukaohï m%;sldrhla ksIaph lsrsfuos tys we;s hym; fukau tu m%;sldrh fkdlsrsfuka fyda jeros m%;sldrhla lsrsfuka fyda isÿjk ydksho tlfiau Tyqf.a nqoaêhg .%yKh jk neúks' fuu kvqfõ idlaIs wkqj fmkS .sfha ú;a;sldrsh fj; fhuqlrk wjia:dfjoz frda.s oersh ;=, mej;s frda. ,laIK wkqj ú;a;sldrshg iudk ;;ajfha isák fjk;a ffjoHjrfhl=o ú;a;sldrshg jvd fjkia f,i ls%hdl, yelsj ;snq iïNdú;dj b;d wju njhs' tkï ÿ¾,N wjia:djka lsysmhlos muKla lrk iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fkdlsrsfuka frda.shd urKhg m;aúug yels nj ú;a;sldrshg mq¾fõlaIKh lsrsug fkdyelsúu hqla;siy.; lsrsug wêlrKh keUqrejq nj fmfka' tfy;a mq¾fõlaIKh lsrsug fkdyels úula fyda tjekaklska ldrK;ajh m¨ÿ lsrsug fkdyelsúula fyda .ek wêlrKh lsisjla fkdlSfõh' tawkqj fuu kvqfõos mq¾fõlaIK m%;sM, kshuh fhdodf.k fkdue;s w;r kS;suh m%YaKhla f,i ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh ;=, meñKs,slrejka úiska wod, ydksh ú;a;slreg mq¾fõlaIKh lsrsfï yelshdj ;snq nj ia:dmkh lsrsu lsisfia;au wfmlaId fkdl, nj fmfka'

ienúkau ldrK;ajh ;=,o mq¾fõlaIK ms,sno wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lsrsfuka isÿjkafka tlu kvqlrh ;=, foj;djla tlu mrSlaIKh Tmamq lsrsug meñKs,slreg isÿúfuka Tyqg oeä wjdishla we;súuhs' flfia fj;;a mq¾fõlaIKh foj;djla fhdodf.k fyda ú;a;slrejkaj j.lsfuka ksoyia lsrsug wêlrKhg yelsú we;af;a hf:dala; mrsos ydksfha ÿria:Ndjfha iuyr o!Iaáka wjOdkfha hq;=lfï lreKq j,ska fjkafldg oelaúu wmyiq neúks'

ydksfha ÿria:Ndjh ;=< ;j;a jeo.;a mrSlaIKhla jkafka m%udkql=,;d mrSlaIKhhs' ñka woyia jkafka ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj wod, ydksh isÿùug m%udKd;aulj odhl ù we;s njhs[11]' m%udKd;au ùu hkq ienúkau 50% g jvd jeä odhl;ajhls' fï ksid n¾fI,a olajkafka fuu mrSlaIKh Rcq m%;sM, kshufhka t;rï fjkia fkdjk njhs' ms%hdks fidhsid kvqfõoS Wmqgd oelajq my; kvq j,ska fuu mrSlaIKfha fhoSu .uH fõ'

fidhsid kvqfõos ú;a;sldrsh w;ska isÿú ;snqfka oershf.a urKh isÿlsrsug jvd tu urKh isÿúfï wjOdku jeälsrsuhs' ienúkau ydksh isÿúu fkdj ydksh isÿúfï wjOdku iefyk muK jeälrk (Materially increasing the risk of injury ) ls%hd m%udKql=, mrSlaIKh hgf;a iuyr úg wiu;aùu ksid ú;a;slre j.lSfuka ksoyia úhyel' ukao ne¨ne,augu ydkshla Rcqju isÿlsrsu jq l,s ydkshla ùfï wjOdku jeä lsrsug jvd nr iys; ls%hdjla jk neúks' tfy;a fidhsid kvqfõ oelajq Mc Ghee [12] kvqj ;=, idñ uxv,h ms,s.;af;a ydkshla isÿúfï wjOdku iefyk muK jeä lsrsu yd ydkshla isÿlsrSu w;r lsis fjkila ke;s njhs' ;jo Bonnington [13] kvqfõoS Bg iudk m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l,;a ;jÿr;a wjOdrKh lf,a ú;a;slref.a fkdie,ls,a," wod, ydkshg hï m%udKhlska fya;=ù ;sfno " ú;a;slreg j.lsu mejrsug kï tu m%udkh" ydksh isÿúug fyda ydksh isÿ úfï wjOdku jeä lsrsug fyda hk ljrlg jqjo iefyk muK ^tkï m%udKd;aulj& fya;=ú (Materially Contribute ) ;;sìh hq;=njhs' Y%s ,xld fYa%IaGdêlrKh fuu m%;sm;a;sh fydo kS;shla f,i iel rys;j ms,s.;a;o fuu iefyk muK fya;=úu hkak YlaH;d jeänr u; Tmamq l, hq;=nj oelaúKs' fjk;a jpk j,ska mejiqjfyd;a wêlrKh wjOdrKh lrkafka ú;a;sldrshf.a wlrKh " oershf.a urKh isÿúug fyda urKh isÿúfï wjOdku jeä lsrsug fyda 50% lg jvd n,menj 50% lg jvd idlaIs jeänr iys;j Tmamq l, hq;=njhs' twkqj fuysos msrsisÿ m%udKql=, mrSlaIKh fhos ;sfí' twkqj fuys ú;a;sldr ffjoHjrsh iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fkdlsrsu ms,sno fkdie,ls,a," oershf.a urKh isÿúfï wjOdku iefyk muK jeä lrk idOlhla úh yelas jqj;a ta nj YlaH;d jeänr idlaIs u; Tmamq lr fkd;sfnk nj;a tuksid ú;a;sldrsh j.lsfuka ksoyia jk nj;a wêlrKh ;skaÿ lrk ,os'

tfy;a fuu wNsfhda.h u.yerSu ioyd meñKs<af,a kS;s{hd úiska fjk;a isoaOdka;hla bosrsm;a flrsKs' tkï ú;a;slre úiska hful=g ydks ùfï wjOdku jeälrk wkaofï ls%hdjl ksr; jq úg ú;a;slref.a tu ls%hdj wjidk m%;sM,hg ^ isÿ jq ydkshg& olajk odhl;ajh flfia fj;ÿ Tyqg wksjd¾fhkau j.lSu mejrsh hq;= njhs' fuh wmrdO kS;shg wod, m%;sm;a;shla jk w;r iaàjka olajkafka "hï frda.dndOhlska fmf,k wfhl= ta fya;=fjkau ñh hkq we;s jqjo ;u ls%hdj ksid tu frda.shdf.a urKh blauka lrk ;eke;af;l= tu urKhg j.lsj hq;= w;r tjeks úgloS Tyqf.a tu ls%hdj urKh isÿlsrSfuys,d wdikak fya;=j fyda flaj, fya;=j fyda fkdjkakg mjd bv we;[14]' tfy;a fuu isoaOdka;h m%;slafIam lrñka wêlrKh Kay v. Ayrshire and Arran Health Board[15] kvqj Wmqgd olajd mqkqreÉpdrkh lf<a " isÿù we;s ydkshg n,mE tlsfklg ;r.ldrS fya;= idOl 2 la mj;sk úg[16] yd ú;a;slref.a ls%hdj muKlska tu ydksh isÿúh yels nj Tmamq fkdlr we;s úg ú;a;slreg j.lSu mejrSug fkdyels njhs' fufia wmrdO kS;sfha m%;sm;a;Ska tf,iskau oS,sla; kS;shg fhdod.; fkdyelafla fÉ;kdkaú;j jeros isÿlrk wmrdOlrefjl=g jvd yqÿ fkdie,ls,af,ka jeros isÿlrk wfhl=g kS;sh ,sys,a wdldrfhka ie,lsh hq;= ksidh'

wfkla w;g úfYaIfhkau ffjoH lafIa;%fha mj;sk iqúfYaI;ajh u; ldrK;ajh ;SrKh lsrSu ÿIalrh' ukao f,dj we;s ish¨u frda. " uq¨ukskau yÿkdf.k ke;s w;r by<u ffjoH jD;a;slfhl=g mjd jeroSï isÿùug bv we;s neúks' kjiS,ka;fha ffjoH fkdie,ls,a, g jkaos b,a,sh yelafla T!IO " Y,Hl¾u" oka; ffjoH yd m%:udOdr hk lreKq j,oS ydkshg m;a md¾Yjhkag muKla nj jHjia:dms;j olajd we;af;a o tksidh[17]' fuys m%;sm,h jkafka wdidok (Infection) " yd jhig hEu jeks frda.S wjia:dj, miqjk frda.Ska flfrys we;sjk ffjoH fkdie,ls,a,g kvq mejrsh fkdyelsùuhs' ksoiqkla f,i ffjri j,g tfrys id¾:l T!IO fkdue;s ksid ffjri wdidokhlska frda.sfhl=g ydks jqjfyd;a tys,d ffjoHjrhdg jro mjrSug yelshdjla fkdue;'

flfia kuq;a fuu lreKq weiqrska YS% ,xld fYa%IaGdêlrKh t<UqKq ;SrKh idOdrKSlrKh l< fkdyelsh' ukaoh;a ú;a;sldr ffjoHjrshf.a fkdie,ls,a,la isÿjq nj;a th oershf.a urKhg hï m%udkhlska fyda ( 50% g jvd wvqfjka fyda & fya;= jq nj;a kvqfõoS Tmamq úh' tfy;a fufia yÿkd.;a ú;a;sldrshf.a tu fkdie,ls,a,g ksis ovqjula fkdoSfuka isÿjkafka wkd.;fhaoS ,dxlSh m%cdjf.a fi!lHhg" th hïwdldr wk;=rla Woa.; lsrSuhs' ulaksido h;a j¾;udkfhaoS nyq,j we;s taâia wdoS fkdje,elaúh yels udrdka;sl fyda udrdka;sl fkdjk frda. j,ska fmf,k frda.Skaj u.yerSug fyda Tjqka flf¾ fkdie,ls,a,su;a ùug fuu kvq ;Skaÿfjka ffjoHjrekag msgqn,hla ,efnk ksidh' kS;sfha fuu fhduqùu ñksia iodpdrfha yD¾o idlaIsh rsojkq we;af;ah' wfkla w;g hï fyda jrola isÿjq nj oek oeku yqÿ ;dlaIKsl úênoaO;d ksidu kS;sh ;u weia jid.kafka kï tjeks kS;shla m%cdj úiska ms<sl=,a lrkq we;af;ah' tu ksid wm wêlrKhg fuysoS wkq.ukh l< yelsj ;snq fydou l%uh kï ú;a;sldrshf.a jro " wod, ydkshg odhl jq m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj j.lSu mjrd meñKs,s lrejkag hï jkaoshla whlroSuhs' fuh" ldrK;ajh ms<sno iudkqmd;sl mrSlaIKh ( Proportionality Test) f,i kï lsrSug yelsh' fuu mrSlaIKh ms%hdks fidhsid kvqj ;=< Wmqgd oelajqKq Hotson kvqfõ [18] my< wêlrK ;Skaÿj ;=< olakg ,efí' fuysoS jeàu ksid weglgq j,g ydks jq <ufhl= frday,g we;=,;a l< w;r frda. ksIapfhaoS oKysia ìoSula yÿkdf.k m%;sldr ie,iqj;a Wl=,a ikaêfha ;snq msg mekSula yÿkd fkd.eksKs' mia osklg miq kej; frday,a .;lsrSfuka miq th yÿkd.;a;;a ta jkúg Wl=,a ikaêjh úlD;s ù ;snqKs' frdayf,a fkdie,ls,su;a m%udoh ksid wod, úlD;sh m%lD;su;a lr.ekSug meñKs,slreg ;snq yelshdj 25% lska ySk l< nj my< wêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf<ah' tuksid wod, ydkshg ú;a;slrejkaf.a ls%hdfjka fya;= jq m%udKh fyj;a ldrK;ajh 25% la f,i i,ld uq¨ ydksfha jákdlñka 25% l jkaoshla m%odkh lrk ,os' fuu l%uh fidhsid kvqjg fhÿfõ kï iS'à' ialEka mrSlaIdj fkdlsrSu " wjidk m%;sM,h jq oershf.a urKhg fya;= jqfha 10% la jqjo Bg iudkqmd;sl jkaoshla f.ùug ú;a;sldr ffjoHjrshg isÿjkq we;' ish¨ md¾Ijhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ;=,kh lsrSu ioyd;a ydks m%lD;su;a lsrSu ioyd;a iy iudc fYdaOkh ioyd;a oS,sla; kS;shg we;s ft;sydisl ld¾hNd¾h uqÿkam;a jkafka ldrK;ajh ;=< fuu iudkqmd;sl mrSlaIKh Wmhqla; lsrSfuka muKla nj wjika jYfhka ioyka l< yelsh'