Sharp
Chapter 34: Vertebrates
Intro- vertebrates
34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
· Intro- Phylum Chordata, chordates, urochordates, cephalocordates
· Derived Characters of Chordates- notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits (clefts); post-anal tail
· Tunicates- subphylum Urochordata
· Lancelets- subphylum cephalochordata
Concept Check- 1,2
34.2 Craniates are chordates that have a head
· Intro- craniates
· Derived Characters of Craniates- neural crest
· Hagfishes- class Myxini, hagfishes
Concept Check- 1,2
34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone
· Lampreys- lampreys, class Cephalaspidomorphi
· Origins of Bone and Teeth- mineralization
Concept Check- 1,2
34.4 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
· Intro- Gnathostomes
· Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and their Relatives)- class Chondrichtyes, cartilaginous skelton
· Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-Fins- class Osteicthyes, bony (ossified) endoskeleton, fishes, swim bladder, operculum
Concept Check- 1,2
34.5 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs and feet
· Intro- tetrapods
· Amphibians- class Amphibia, moist skin, gas exchange, metamorphosis, aquatic larva, terrestrial adult
Concept Check- 2
34.6 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
· Intro- amniotes
· Derived Characters of Amniotes- amniotic egg, extraembryonic membranes
· Reptiles- class Reptilia, keratin-containing scales; shelled, amniotic eggs; ectothermic; endothermic; tuatara, lizards, snakes; crocodilians, pterosaurs, dinosaurs
· Birds- shelled amniotic eggs; keratin-containing scales; light, hollow bones, Archaeopteryx, endotherms, feathers, four-chambered heart, high rate of metabolism
Concept Check- 1,2
34.7 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
· Intro- class Mammalia, mammary glands, hair, endothermic, larger brains, teeth
· Monotremes- egg-laying mammals
· Marsupials- marsupium
· Eutherians (Placental Mammals)- uterus, placenta,
· Primates- order Primates, hands and feet that grasp, large brains, short jaws, forward-looking eyes, well-developed parental care, complex social behavior, flat nails, fully opposable thumb
· Living Primates- Lemurs, lorises, pottos; Tarsiers; Anthropoids
Concept Check- 1,2
34.8 Humans are bipedal hominoids with a large brain
· Derived Characters of Humans- upright posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains, language capabilities, symbolic thought, manufacture and use of complex tools, shortened jaw
Concept Check- 1,2
Testing Your Knowledge 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10