GENETICS UNIT EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Standard 7.2 Environment and Genes
(pg. 198 in new text, Gattaca Movie Notes)
1. Are a person’s characteristics decided only by their genes/genotype? Why or why not? If not, WHAT can also affect a person’s characteristics or phenotype? ______
2. A person’s ______can affect his or her phenotype but not his or her genotype.
Standard 7.2a Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
(Genetics Week 1 Notes)
3. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? ______
4. Define haploid, then give two examples of haploid cells. ______
5. Define diploid, then give two examples of diploid cells. ______
Standard 7.2b CHROMOSOMES and INHERITANCE
(pg. 170-174 in textbook, Meiosis Notes and Sexual Reproduction notes)
6. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? ______
7. In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit ______its DNA from one parent and ______its DNA from another parent.
8. Humans have ______chromosomes in each of its sex cells.
9. Humans have ______chromosomes in a normal body cell.
10. Humans have ______pairs of chromosomes in normal body cells.
11. Fill in the blanks for meiosis:
1. Every chromosome in the cell is ______.
2. The chromosome pairs line up next to each other in the ______of the cell.
3. The chromosome pairs then ______from each other and move to opposite ends of the cell.
4. The cell divides—and ______form, each with half the number of chromosomes.
5. The chromosomes move to the ______of the cell.
6. The centromeres split and the ______separate.
7. The cells divide--______are produced after this division.
12. What is the product of meiosis? How is this different from mitosis? ______
13. A butterfly skin cell has 16 chromosomes.
1. How many chromosomes will its egg cells have after meiosis? ______
2. How many chromosomes will a butterfly cell have after mitosis? ____
14. What are chromosomes made up of? ______
15. If the sex cells of a woman carry a mixture of B alleles and b alleles. What is the woman’s genotype for Gene B? ______
16. If the sex cells of a man carry only c alleles, what is his genotype? ______
Standard 7.2C INHERITANCE PATTERNS
(pg. 192-197, Inheritance Patterns Notes)
17. What are the three inheritance patterns in humans?
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
18. What does the term multiple alleles mean? ______
19. The gene for Widow’s peak has only ______(number) alleles. That’s why we only see ______(number) phenotypes: Widow’s Peak and No Widow’s peak.
20. Which inheritance pattern determines height? How do you know? What other human traits are determined by this inheritance pattern? ______
21. If a baby has two X Chromosomes, the baby will be a ______.
22. If a baby has an X and a Y Chromosome, the baby will be a ______.
Standard 7.2D MENDEL and PUNNETT SQUARES
(pg. 154-167, A, B, P’s of Life, Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles, Punnett Squares)
_____ / 1. Heredity / a. In Mendel’s pea plant experiments, this generation had a ratio of 3 tall plants to 1 short plant._____ / 2. Trait / b. The offspring of many generations that have the same trait. (HH or gg are examples)
_____ / 3. Alleles / c. An allele that is hidden whenever the other type of allele is present. We use a lower case letter to show this type of allele.
_____ / 4. Gene / d. An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
_____ / 5. Dominant Allele / e. The passing of physical characteristics from parent to offspring.
_____ / 6. Recessive Allele / f. An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism whenever it is present. We use a capital letter to show this type of allele.
_____ / 7. F1 Generation / g. Each different form of a characteristic, such as stem height or seed color.
_____ / 8. F2 Generation / h. In Mendel’s pea plant experiments, this generation had all tall plants.
_____ / 9. Purebred / i. The different forms of a gene. Such as B or b.
_____ / 10. Hybrid / j. In this pattern of inheritance, the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. As a result, both alleles are expressed in the offspring.
_____ / 11. Heterozygous / k. An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Examples: Bb, Tt, yY
_____ / 12. Homozygous / l. An organism’s physical appearance or visible traits.
_____ / 13. Phenotype / m. The factors that control a trait. Also, defined as sections of DNA that code for one protein.
_____ / 14. Genotype / n. An organism’s genetic make-up or allele combinations—the “LETTERS”
_____ / 15. Codominance / o. An organism that is said to have two identical alleles for a trait. Examples include: GG, tt, BB
23. What is a punnett square? ______
24. SpongeBob’s aunt and uncle, SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur, have the biggest round eyes in the family. Wilma is believed to be heterozygous for her round eye shape, while Wilbur’s family brags that they are a pure line.
1. Give the genotype for each person. Wilma - ______Wilbur - ______
2. Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if they had children.
3. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the kids.
4. What is the probability that the kids would have round eyes? ____ %
5. What is the probability that the kids would be oval eyes? ____ %
TRAIT / DOMINANT GENE / RECESSIVE GENEBody Shape / Squarepants (S) / Roundpants (s)
Body Color / Yellow (Y) / Blue (y)
Eye Shape / Round (R) / Oval (r)
Nose Style / Long (L) / Stubby (l)
Use the information for SpongeBob’s traits to write the phenotype (physical appearance) for each item.
25. LL-______
26. Rr-______
Use the information to write the genotype (or genotypes) for each trait.
27. Yellow body - ______
28. Stubby nose - ______
Determine the genotypes for each using the information in the chart.
29. Heterozygous round eyes -_____
30. Homozygous long nose - ______
31. Purebred squarepants - ______
32. Hybrid yellow body - ______
Standard 7.2E The GENETIC CODE and MUTATIONS
(pg. 175-176 and pg 180; Genetic Code Notes and Mutation Notes)
33. How is the order of bases a code for life? What exactly does it code for? ______
34. The building blocks of proteins are ______.
35. The order of DNA bases on a gene determine how a ______is built.
36. ______(a number) bases code for an amino acid.
37. What is a mutation? What are the two types of mutations? ______
NOTE: Students should also be able to:
1) Label the parts of an angiosperm and describe their function
2) Describe the process of pollination and reproduction in angiosperms
3) Distinguish between cross-pollinating and self-pollinating angiosperms