Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products –
A review with focus on low- and middle-income settings
(Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology)
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
(Search terms)
27.01.2017
Christian Riuji Lohri*
Stefan Diener
Imanol Zabaleta
Adeline Mertenat
Christian Zurbrügg
Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec)
Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
*Corresponding author: , +41 729 80 99
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. INTRODUCTION / p. 21. DIRECT USES
1.1 Direct land application / p. 3
1.2 Direct animal feeding / p. 4
1.3 Direct combustion / p. 5
2. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
2.1 Composting / p. 6
2.2 Vermicomposting / p. 7
2.3 Black Soldier Fly treatment / p. 8
2.4 Anaerobic Digestion / p. 9
2.5 Fermentation / p. 10
3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
3.1 Transesterification / p. 11
3.2 Densification / p. 12
4. THERMOCHEMICAL TREATMENT
4.1 Pyrolysis / p. 13
4.2 Liquefaction / p. 14
4.3 Gasification / p. 15
0. INTRODUCTION
This document forms part of the scientific review article “Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products – A review with focus on low- and middle-income settings” submitted to the journal Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. The article presents 13 biowaste treatment technologies (Figure 1) by summarizing the main feedstock requirements, process conditions and treatment products, and critically discusses the challenges and trends of each technology in the urban low- and middle-income context.
Fig. 1 Overview of the biowaste treatment technologies presented in the review article
The article further examines the state-of-research for all technologies by analyzing the amount and type of research published on the Scopus search engine and database. The search was conducted for the publication period of 2005 until 2015 and was performed between 2nd June and 7th July 2016. Three search levels were applied consecutively. At each level a specific set of search terms was adopted as shown in Figure 2. The search results of each level were then used as a basis to apply the search terms of the next level. This document comprises all applied search terms at each level and the number of retrieved publications.
Fig. 2 Levels of scientific literature search and corresponding search term categories
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1. DIRECT USES
1.1 Direct land application
(Search terms)
Search level 1 / Search level 2 / Search level 3"Land appl*" / *Waste* / "Low and middle income"
OR / "Surface appl*" / OR / Refuse* / OR / "Low income" / Congo / Malawi / Swaziland
OR / "Direct land application" / OR / Residue* / OR / "Middle income" / Dominica / Maldives / Tajikistan
OR / "Soil amendment" / OR / Trimming* / OR / "Lower middle income" / "Dominican Republic" / Mali / Tanzania
OR / "Soil enrich*" / AND NOT / "Wastewater*" / OR / "Upper middle income" / Ecuador / "Marshall Islands" / "Timor-Leste"
OR / "Soil fertil*" / AND NOT / "Waste-water*" / OR / "Transitional countr*" / Egypt / Mauritania / Togo
OR / "Land fertil*" / AND NOT / "Waste water" / OR / "Developing countr*" / "El Salvador" / Micronesia / Tonga
OR / "Land enrich*" / AND NOT / "Water treatment" / OR / "Developing world" / Eritrea / Moldova / Tunisia
OR / "Land-spreading" / AND NOT / Sludge* / OR / "Global South" / Ethiopia / Mongolia / Tuvalu
OR / Landspreading / AND NOT / Fe*cal / OR / Africa / Fiji / Morocco / Uganda
AND NOT / "Anaerobic digestion" / AND NOT / Fe*ces / OR / "South East Asia" / Gambia / Mozambique / Ukraine
AND NOT / "Co-digestion" / AND NOT / Excreta / OR / "Developing Asia" / Georgia / Namibia / Uzbekistan
AND NOT / Biogas* / AND NOT / Urine / OR / "Developing Econom*" / Ghana / Nepal / Vanuatu
AND NOT / "Black soldier fl*" / AND NOT / Sewage / OR / Afghanistan / Grenada / Nicaragua / Vietnam
AND NOT / Hermetia / AND NOT / Biosolid* / OR / Albania / Kyrgyzstan / Niger / Yemen
AND NOT / Larv* / AND NOT / Manure / OR / Angola / Guinea / Nigeria / Zambia
AND NOT / Insect* / AND NOT / "Livestock waste*" / OR / Armenia / "Guinea-Bissau" / Pakistan / Zimbabwe
AND NOT / *methan* / AND NOT / "Dairy waste*" / OR / Bangladesh / Guyana / "Papua New Guinea" / Iraq
AND NOT / *compost* / AND NOT / Tyre* / OR / Belize / Haiti / Paraguay / Romania
AND NOT / Biorefinery / AND NOT / "Densified biomass" / OR / Benin / Honduras / Peru / Turkmenistan
AND NOT / *reactor* / AND NOT / "E-waste*" / OR / Bhutan / India / Philippines / Palestine
AND NOT / Ferment* / AND NOT / "Medical waste*" / OR / Bolivia / Indonesia / Rwanda / Botswana
AND NOT / "Bio-ethanol" / AND NOT / Coal / OR / "Bosnia and Herzegovina" / Iran / "Saint Lucia" / Gabon
AND NOT / Incinerat* / AND NOT / Digestate* / OR / "Burkina Faso" / "Ivory Coast" / "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" / Syria
AND NOT / Combust* / AND NOT / Swine / OR / Burundi / Jamaica / Samoa / "Equatorial Guinea"
AND NOT / Pyrolyis / AND NOT / Poultry / OR / Cambodia / Jordan / "Sao Tomé and Principe" / Myanmar
AND NOT / Biochar* / AND NOT / Slurry / OR / Cameroon / Kenya / Senegal / Burma
AND NOT / Torrefaction / OR / "Cape Verde" / Kiribati / Serbia / Djibouti
AND NOT / Processing / OR / "Central African Republic" / Kyrgyzstan / "Sierra Leone"
AND NOT / Biofuel* / OR / Chad / Lao / "Solomon Islands"
OR / China / Lesotho / "South Africa"
OR / Colombia / Liberia / "South Sudan"
OR / "Cote d'Ivoire" / Macedonia / "Sri Lanka"
OR / Comoros / Madagascar / Sudan
à 10827 publ. / à 1257 publ. / à 206 publ.
15
1.2 Direct animal feed
(Search terms)
Search level 1 / Search level 2 / Search level 3"Animal feed*" / *Waste* / "Low and middle income"
OR / "Animal diet*" / OR / Refuse* / OR / "Low income" / Congo / Malawi / Swaziland
OR / "Animal food*" / OR / Residue* / OR / "Middle income" / Dominica / Maldives / Tajikistan
OR / "Animal nutrition" / OR / Trimming* / OR / "Lower middle income" / "Dominican Republic" / Mali / Tanzania
OR / "Animal nourishment" / AND NOT / "Wastewater*" / OR / "Upper middle income" / Ecuador / "Marshall Islands" / "Timor-Leste"
OR / "Livestock feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / "Waste-water*" / OR / "Transitional countr*" / Egypt / Mauritania / Togo
OR / "Cattle feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / "Waste water" / OR / "Developing countr*" / "El Salvador" / Micronesia / Tonga
OR / "Pig feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / "Water treatment" / OR / "Developing world" / Eritrea / Moldova / Tunisia
OR / "Swine feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / Sludge* / OR / "Global South" / Ethiopia / Mongolia / Tuvalu
OR / "Goat feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / Fe*cal / OR / Africa / Fiji / Morocco / Uganda
OR / "Poultry feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / Fe*ces / OR / "South East Asia" / Gambia / Mozambique / Ukraine
OR / "Chicken feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / Excreta / OR / "Developing Asia" / Georgia / Namibia / Uzbekistan
OR / "Fish feed*/diet*" / AND NOT / Urine / OR / "Developing Econom*" / Ghana / Nepal / Vanuatu
AND NOT / "Anaerobic digestion" / AND NOT / Sewage / OR / Afghanistan / Grenada / Nicaragua / Vietnam
AND NOT / "Co-digestion" / AND NOT / Biosolid* / OR / Albania / Kyrgyzstan / Niger / Yemen
AND NOT / Biogas* / AND NOT / Manure / OR / Angola / Guinea / Nigeria / Zambia
AND NOT / "Black soldier fl*" / AND NOT / "Livestock waste*" / OR / Armenia / "Guinea-Bissau" / Pakistan / Zimbabwe
AND NOT / Hermetia / AND NOT / "Dairy waste*" / OR / Bangladesh / Guyana / "Papua New Guinea" / Iraq
AND NOT / Larv* / AND NOT / Tyre* / OR / Belize / Haiti / Paraguay / Romania
AND NOT / Insect* / AND NOT / "Densified biomass" / OR / Benin / Honduras / Peru / Turkmenistan
AND NOT / *methan* / AND NOT / "E-waste*" / OR / Bhutan / India / Philippines / Palestine
AND NOT / *compost* / AND NOT / "Medical waste*" / OR / Bolivia / Indonesia / Rwanda / Botswana
AND NOT / Biorefinery / AND NOT / Coal / OR / "Bosnia and Herzegovina" / Iran / "Saint Lucia" / Gabon
AND NOT / *reactor* / AND NOT / Digestate* / OR / "Burkina Faso" / "Ivory Coast" / "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" / Syria
AND NOT / Ferment* / OR / Burundi / Jamaica / Samoa / "Equatorial Guinea"
AND NOT / "Bio-ethanol" / OR / Cambodia / Jordan / "Sao Tomé and Principe" / Myanmar
AND NOT / Incinerat* / OR / Cameroon / Kenya / Senegal / Burma
AND NOT / Combust* / OR / "Cape Verde" / Kiribati / Serbia / Djibouti
AND NOT / Pyrolyis / OR / "Central African Republic" / Kyrgyzstan / "Sierra Leone"
AND NOT / Torrefaction / OR / Chad / Lao / "Solomon Islands"
AND NOT / Processing / OR / China / Lesotho / "South Africa"
AND NOT / Biofuel* / OR / Colombia / Liberia / "South Sudan"
OR / "Cote d'Ivoire" / Macedonia / "Sri Lanka"
OR / Comoros / Madagascar / Sudan
à 30448 publ. / à 978 publ. / à 103 publ.
15
1.3 Direct combustion
(Search terms)
Search level 1 / Search level 2 / Search level 3"Direct combustion" / *Waste* / "Low and middle income"
OR / "Open burning" / OR / Refuse* / OR / "Low income" / Congo / Malawi / Swaziland
OR / "Uncontrolled combustion" / OR / Residue* / OR / "Middle income" / Dominica / Maldives / Tajikistan
OR / "Uncontrolled waste burning" / OR / Trimming* / OR / "Lower middle income" / "Dominican Republic" / Mali / Tanzania
OR / "Open waste burning" / AND NOT / "Wastewater*" / OR / "Upper middle income" / Ecuador / "Marshall Islands" / "Timor-Leste"
OR / "Waste for heating" / AND NOT / "Waste-water*" / OR / "Transitional countr*" / Egypt / Mauritania / Togo
OR / "Waste for cooking" / AND NOT / "Waste water" / OR / "Developing countr*" / "El Salvador" / Micronesia / Tonga
AND NOT / "Anaerobic digestion" / AND NOT / "Water treatment" / OR / "Developing world" / Eritrea / Moldova / Tunisia
AND NOT / "Co-digestion" / AND NOT / Sludge* / OR / "Global South" / Ethiopia / Mongolia / Tuvalu
AND NOT / Biogas* / AND NOT / Fe*cal / OR / Africa / Fiji / Morocco / Uganda
AND NOT / "Black soldier fl*" / AND NOT / Fe*ces / OR / "South East Asia" / Gambia / Mozambique / Ukraine
AND NOT / Hermetia / AND NOT / Excreta / OR / "Developing Asia" / Georgia / Namibia / Uzbekistan
AND NOT / Larv* / AND NOT / Urine / OR / "Developing Econom*" / Ghana / Nepal / Vanuatu
AND NOT / Insect* / AND NOT / Sewage / OR / Afghanistan / Grenada / Nicaragua / Vietnam
AND NOT / "Wood combust*" / AND NOT / Biosolid* / OR / Albania / Kyrgyzstan / Niger / Yemen
AND NOT / *compost* / AND NOT / Manure / OR / Angola / Guinea / Nigeria / Zambia
AND NOT / Biorefinery / AND NOT / "Livestock waste*" / OR / Armenia / "Guinea-Bissau" / Pakistan / Zimbabwe
AND NOT / *reactor* / AND NOT / "Dairy waste*" / OR / Bangladesh / Guyana / "Papua New Guinea" / Iraq
AND NOT / Ferment* / AND NOT / Tyre* / OR / Belize / Haiti / Paraguay / Romania
AND NOT / "Bio-ethanol" / AND NOT / "Densified biomass" / OR / Benin / Honduras / Peru / Turkmenistan
AND NOT / Pyrolysis / AND NOT / "E-waste*" / OR / Bhutan / India / Philippines / Palestine
AND NOT / Biochar* / AND NOT / "Medical waste*" / OR / Bolivia / Indonesia / Rwanda / Botswana
AND NOT / Torrefaction / AND NOT / Coal / OR / "Bosnia and Herzegovina" / Iran / "Saint Lucia" / Gabon
AND NOT / Processing / AND NOT / Digestate* / OR / "Burkina Faso" / "Ivory Coast" / "Saint Vincent the Grenadines" / Syria
AND NOT / "Wastewater*" / OR / Burundi / Jamaica / Samoa / "Equatorial Guinea"
AND NOT / "Waste-water*" / OR / Cambodia / Jordan / "Sao Tomé and Principe" / Myanmar
AND NOT / "Waste water" / OR / Cameroon / Kenya / Senegal / Burma
OR / "Cape Verde" / Kiribati / Serbia / Djibouti
OR / "Central African Republic" / Kyrgyzstan / "Sierra Leone"
OR / Chad / Lao / "Solomon Islands"
OR / China / Lesotho / "South Africa"
OR / Colombia / Liberia / "South Sudan"
OR / "Cote d'Ivoire" / Macedonia / "Sri Lanka"
OR / Comoros / Madagascar / Sudan
à 261 publ. / à 111 publ. / è 39 publ.
15
2 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
2.1 Composting
(Search terms)
Search level 1 / Search level 2 / Search level 3*compost* / *Waste* / "Low and middle income"
AND NOT / "Fly larv*" / OR / Refuse* / OR / "Low income" / Congo / Malawi / Swaziland
AND NOT / Vermi* / OR / Residue* / OR / "Middle income" / Dominica / Maldives / Tajikistan
AND NOT / Biogas* / OR / Trimming* / OR / "Lower middle income" / "Dominican Republic" / Mali / Tanzania
AND NOT / Ferment* / AND NOT / "Wastewater*" / OR / "Upper middle income" / Ecuador / "Marshall Islands" / "Timor-Leste"
AND NOT / Combust* / AND NOT / "Waste-water*" / OR / "Transitional countr*" / Egypt / Mauritania / Togo
AND NOT / Incinerat* / AND NOT / "Waste water" / OR / "Developing countr*" / "El Salvador" / Micronesia / Tonga
AND NOT / Landfill* / AND NOT / "Water treatment" / OR / "Developing world" / Eritrea / Moldova / Tunisia
AND NOT / Compostela / AND NOT / Sludge* / OR / "Global South" / Ethiopia / Mongolia / Tuvalu
AND NOT / F*cal / OR / Africa / Fiji / Morocco / Uganda
AND NOT / F*ces / OR / "South East Asia" / Gambia / Mozambique / Ukraine
AND NOT / Excreta / OR / "Developing Asia" / Georgia / Namibia / Uzbekistan
AND NOT / Urine / OR / "Developing Econom*" / Ghana / Nepal / Vanuatu
AND NOT / Sewage / OR / Afghanistan / Grenada / Nicaragua / Vietnam
AND NOT / Biosolid* / OR / Albania / Kyrgyzstan / Niger / Yemen
AND NOT / Manure / OR / Angola / Guinea / Nigeria / Zambia
AND NOT / "Livestock waste*" / OR / Armenia / "Guinea-Bissau" / Pakistan / Zimbabwe
AND NOT / "Dairy waste*" / OR / Bangladesh / Guyana / "Papua New Guinea" / Iraq
AND NOT / Tyre* / OR / Belize / Haiti / Paraguay / Romania
AND NOT / Plastic / OR / Benin / Honduras / Peru / Turkmenistan
AND NOT / "E-waste*" / OR / Bhutan / India / Philippines / Palestine
AND NOT / "Medical waste*" / OR / Bolivia / Indonesia / Rwanda / Botswana
AND NOT / Coal / OR / "Bosnia and Herzegovina" / Iran / "Saint Lucia" / Gabon
AND NOT / "Fly ash" / OR / "Burkina Faso" / "Ivory Coast" / "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" / Syria
OR / Burundi / Jamaica / Samoa / "Equatorial Guinea"
OR / Cambodia / Jordan / "Sao Tomé and Principe" / Myanmar
OR / Cameroon / Kenya / Senegal / Burma
OR / "Cape Verde" / Kiribati / Serbia / Djibouti
OR / "Central African Republic" / Kyrgyzstan / "Sierra Leone"
OR / Chad / Lao / "Solomon Islands"
OR / China / Lesotho / "South Africa"
OR / Colombia / Liberia / "South Sudan"
OR / "Cote d'Ivoire" / Macedonia / "Sri Lanka"
OR / Comoros / Madagascar / Sudan
à 10190 publ. / à 3523 publ. / à 360 publ.
15