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AP Biology Standards: Many structures and processes of cells that maintain dynamic homeostasis (Big Idea 2) and respond to the environment (Big Idea 3) reflect a shared ancestry (Big Idea 1).

GSE Biology: SB1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles (including nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosome, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes, and mitochondria) interact as a system to maintain homeostasis.

Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell

Guided Reading

Concept 4.1: Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells

  1. Compare microscope types and uses in the following table.

Description of Microscope
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
  1. What is cell fractionation, how is this process completed and what does it allow scientists to do?

Concept 4.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions

  1. Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Type of Cell / Domains / Kingdoms / Major Differences between cell types
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
  1. Why are cells so small? Explain the relationship of surface area to volume.
  2. Explain the role of the plasma membrane in terms of cell size.
  3. Complete the following table for cell organelle functions.

Organelle / Functions / Found in Animal Cell (A) Plant Cell (P) or Both (B)
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Plasma Membrane
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Microvilli
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Lysosomes
Centrosomes/ Centrioles
Flagella
Central Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Cell Wall
Chloroplast

*Complete the Scientific Skills Exercise activity on page 80.

Concept 4.3: Eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes

  1. Summarize the role and location of the nucleus and its components.
  2. Briefly explain how the following terms relate to each other: nucleic acids, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, polypeptide.
  1. Summarize the roles and locations of ribosomes within cells.
  1. What are some examples of proteins made by free ribosomes? Bound ribosomes?

Concept 4.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

  1. Compare and Contrast the Smooth ER to the Rough ER using the table below.

Type of Endoplasmic Reticulum / Functions
Smooth ER
Rough ER
  1. Why does alcohol abuse increase tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates?
  2. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes. As proteins are synthesized, they are threaded into thelumen of the rough ER. Some of these proteins have carbohydrates attached to them in the ER toform glycoproteins. What does the ER then do with these secretory proteins?
  3. The transport vesicles formed from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus. Describe what happens to a transport vesicle and its contents when it arrives at the Golgi.
  4. How do the products completed by the golgi find their designated destination?
  5. What is a lysosome? What do they contain? What is their pH?
  6. One function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion of particles engulfed by phagocytosis. Describe this process of digestion. What human cells carry out phagocytosis?
  7. Describe the process of autophagy.
  8. What are some potential problems of inheriting lysosomal storage diseases?
  9. Vacuole comparison table.

Type of Vacuole / Location and Role of Each Vacuole
Food Vacuole
Contractile Vacuole
Central Vacuole
  1. Explain how the elements of the endomembrane system (ER, golgi, lysosomes and vacuoles) function together to

secrete a protein and to digest a cellular component.

Concept 4.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another

  1. Compare and Contrast the Mitochondria and Chloroplast

Organelle / Parts Description / Description of Energy Conversion
Mitochondria /
  • Cristae
  • Matrix

Chloroplast /
  • Thylakoid
  • Grana
  • Stroma

  1. Recall the relationship of structure to function. Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondriahighly folded? What role do all the individual thylakoid membranes serve? (Same answer forboth questions.) Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have ribosomes and their own DNA. Hopefully you recall the endosymbiotic theory, but for now hold onto these facts. They aresemiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell.
  2. Explain the important role played by peroxisomes.

Concept 4.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

  1. Describe the three main roles of the cytoskeleton.

  1. Support-
  2. Motility-
  3. Regulation-

  1. Animal cells have a centrosome that contains a pair of centrioles. Plant cells do not havecentrioles. What is believed to be the role of centrioles?
  2. Compare and contrast cilia and flagella. Include examples of how organisms use these two structures.
  3. Microfilaments are solid, and they are built from a double chain of actin. What are four functionsof microfilaments? What are the motor proteins that move the microfilaments?
  4. How are microfilaments used by animals(muscle cells), amoebas and plant cells?

Concept 4.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities

  1. Describe the structure and function of the cell wall.
  2. What role do enzymes have in building the cell wall?
  3. Describe the structure of an animal cell extracellular matrix. Specifically the roles of collagen and integrins.
  4. Explain what plasmodesmata are and their role in movement between plant cells.
  5. Complete the following table regarding intercellular junctions in animal tissue

Intercellular Junction Type / Role within the cell
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
  1. Explain how a macrophage defends a mammal against a bacterial infection.

The following is a 2013 exam free response question:

The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells.

RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ORGANELLES IN THREE CELL TYPES

Cell Type / Smooth ER / Rough ER / Mitochondria / Cilia / Golgi Bodies
X / Small amounts / Small amounts / Large number / Present / Small amount
Y / Large amount / Large amount / Moderate number / Absent / Large amount
Z / Absent / Absent / Absent / Absent / Absent

Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification.

Test Your Understanding Questions and a Practice Test QR code are found on page 99.

Space for notes take from the videos on the website: