Table S1. Occurrence and concentrations of 50 non-regulated microbial metabolites in 14 wheat grain samples in Nigeria
Metabolites / LODa / R(%)b / Nd / %e / Concentrations (µg/kg)Min / Max / Mean / SD
15-Hydroxyl Culmorin / 0.5 / 99.4 ± 3.7 / 14 / 100 / 5.9 / 539.3 / 137.2 / 157.4
15-Hydroxyl Culmoron / 20 / 100.0c / 11 / 78.6 / 28.4 / 149.7 / 74.7 / 38.4
3-Nitropropionic acid / 1.5 / 82.6 ± 0.2 / 1 / 7.14 / 38.4 / 38.4 / - / -
5-Hydroxyl Culmorin / 5.0 / 100.0c / 6 / 42.9 / 42.1 / 314.5 / 149.0 / 95.0
Agroclavine / 0.01 / 91.2 ± 2.2 / 2 / 14.3 / 0.1 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.2
Alternariol / 0.4 / 85.5 ± 2.6 / 11 / 78.6 / 1.1 / 9.2 / 5.2 / 2.7
Alternariolmethlether / 0.07 / 104.8 ± 3.3 / 14 / 100 / 0.1 / 16.6 / 2.9 / 4.1
Altertoxin-I / 0.5 / 90.2 ± 1.7 / 5 / 35.7 / 1.4 / 2.4 / 1.8 / 0.4
Aspterric acid / 6.0 / 87.1 ± 3.4 / 2 / 14.3 / 17.1 / 21.2 / 19.1 / 2.9
Aurofusarin / 0.5 / 100.0c / 13 / 92.9 / 0.6 / 645.6 / 112.3 / 181.8
Averufin / n.d. / 55.9 ± 0.3 / 6 / 42.9 / 0.2 / 0.9 / 0.5 / 0.2
Beauvericin / 0.04 / 100.0c / 14 / 100 / 0.02 / 1.5 / 0.7 / 0.4
Brevinamide F / 0.6 / 93.9 ± 2 / 14 / 100 / 4.9 / 40.0 / 16.3 / 9.3
Chanoclavine / 0.06 / 79.7 ± 6.4 / 8 / 57.1 / 0.02 / 1.5 / 0.3 / 0.5
Chloramphenicol / 0.04 / 98.7 ± 2.1 / 14 / 100 / 1.1 / 70.5 / 13.3 / 18.0
Culmorin / 3.0 / 127.9 ± 2.3 / 12 / 85.7 / 7.3 / 246.9 / 85.8 / 84.0
DON-3-Glucoside / 0.8 / 113.1 ± 4.3 / 13 / 92.9 / 1.6 / 200.6 / 43.6 / 53.9
Emodin / 0.06 / 107.8 ± 10.2 / 14 / 100 / 0.8 / 330.0 / 39.3 / 89.0
Enniatin A / 0.03 / 100.0c / 13 / 92.9 / 0.04 / 5.2 / 1.5 / 1.6
Enniatin A1 / 0.04 / 100.0c / 14 / 100 / 0.07 / 40.7 / 10.9 / 12.9
Enniatin B / 0.02 / 100.0c / 14 / 100 / 0.03 / 25.5 / 8.8 / 8.9
Enniatin B1 / 0.06 / 100.0c / 14 / 100 / 0.1 / 74.1 / 20.6 / 23.9
Equisetin / 0.4 / 206.8 ± 26.3 / 14 / 100 / 2.7 / 26.1 / 7.7 / 6.3
Ergine / 0.1 / 79.4 ± 5.3 / 2 / 14.3 / 0.5 / 1.1 / 0.8 / 0.4
Ergocornine / 0.8 / 69.5 ± 15.0 / 3 / 21.4 / 1.4 / 30.9 / 11.5 / 16.8
Ergocorninine / 0.06 / 102.6 ± 2.0 / 3 / 21.4 / 0.4 / 14.3 / 5.1 / 7.9
Ergocristine / 0.8 / 75.5 ± 2.8 / 2 / 14.3 / 1.6 / 1133.8 / 567.7 / 800.6
Ergocristinine / 0.6 / 94.6 ± 2.5 / 3 / 21.4 / 0.3 / 279.1 / 93.3 / 160.8
Ergocryptine / 0.2 / 80.0 ± 9.7 / 4 / 28.6 / 1.2 / 83.6 / 30.6 / 38.6
Table S1. Continued.
Metabolites / LODa / R(%)b / Nd / %e / Concentrations (µg/kg)Min / Max / Mean / SD
Ergocryptinine / 0.6 / 93.8 ± 3.8 / 4 / 28.6 / 0.8 / 33.3 / 13.1 / 15.3
Ergometrine / 0.6 / 91.3 ± 12.5 / 9 / 64.3 / 0.6 / 406.2 / 52.2 / 133.2
Ergometrinine / 0.04 / 84.4 ± 3.2 / 8 / 57.1 / 0.02 / 9.7 / 1.5 / 3.3
Ergosine / 0.8 / 90.1 ± 4.5 / 1 / 7.14 / 52.6 / 52.6 / - / -
Ergosinine / 0.06 / 83.4 ± 6.8 / 5 / 35.7 / 0.2 / 54.1 / 11.3 / 24.0
Ergotamine / 0.1 / 90.72 ± 1.4 / 4 / 28.6 / 0.1 / 85.3 / 22.0 / 42.2
Ergotaminine / 0.06 / 69.8 ± 2.8 / 4 / 28.6 / 0.1 / 13.5 / 3.6 / 6.6
Ergovaline / 0.2 / 76.6 ± 2.7 / 1 / 7.14 / 7.7 / 7.7 / - / -
Festuclavine / 0.01 / 95.0 ± 2.0 / 1 / 7.14 / 0.3 / 0.3 / - / -
Kojic acid / 20 / 81.9 ± 2.2 / 4 / 28.6 / 19.4 / 27.9 / 24.8 / 3.9
Macrosporin / 0.25 / 124.6 ± 15.1 / 11 / 78.6 / 0.01 / 38.1 / 3.7 / 11.4
Moniliformin / 1.0 / 72.3 ± 1.3 / 7 / 50 / 1.8 / 62.0 / 18.7 / 21.6
Monocerin / 0.08 / 94.5 ± 3.6 / 12 / 85.7 / 0.03 / 4.0 / 1.1 / 1.2
Paspaline / n.d. / 100.0c / 3 / 21.4 / 802.2f / 3107.0f / 1587.9f / 1315.8
Pseurotin A / 0.7 / 152.0 ± 8.5 / 3 / 21.4 / 0.9 / 243.2 / 97.6 / 128.4
Secalonic acid D / 4.0 / 105.1 ± 3.8 / 1 / 7.14 / 277.1 / 277.1 / - / -
Skyrin / 0.6 / 35.8 ± 2.7 / 2 / 14.3 / 1.5 / 3.0 / 2.2 / 1.0
Tentoxin / 0.15 / 102.4 ± 1.3 / 14 / 100 / 0.6 / 13.6 / 9.1 / 4.1
Tryptophol / 3.0 / 98.7 ± 9.5 / 14 / 100 / 38.9 / 1011.6 / 494.2 / 297.6
Versicolorin C / n.d. / 78.7 ± 8.3 / 1 / 7.14 / 0.5 / 0.5 / - / -
ZEN-14-Sulfate / 0.02 / 122.8 ± 6.5 / 8 / 57.1 / 0.02 / 3.5 / 1.4 / 1.3
n.d. no value.
aLOD limit of detection [S/N = 3:1] expressed as µg/kg sample.
bRecovery (average ± standard deviation) calculated from spiking experiments of 3 different samples.
cNo standard available; estimation of concentration based on response and recovery of averantin.
dNumber of samples contaminated.
ePercentage of samples contaminated.
fValues are peak areas due to lack of standard.