Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
Course Description
Physical Science introduces students to key concepts and theories that provide a foundation for further study in other sciences and advanced science disciplines. Physical Science comprises the systematic study of the physical world as it relates to fundamental concepts about matter, energy, and motion. A unified understanding of phenomena in physical, living, Earth and space systems is the culmination of all previously learned concepts related to chemistry, physics and Earth and space science, along with historical perspective and mathematical reasoning.
Credit: 1
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Describe the identifiable physical properties of substances (e.g., color, hardness, conductivity, density, concentration, and ductility). Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance.
CONTENT STATEMENT 9C
· Investigate the properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g., density, conductivity, hardness, and properties of alloys, superconductors and semiconductors).
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Chemical Changes Mixtures are divided into two different types – heterogeneous and homogeneous.
§ Pure substance – divided into compounds and elements. / § Pure Substance
o Compounds
o Elements
§ Mixtures
o Homogeneous
o Heterogeneous
o Solutions
o Colloids
o Suspensions
§ Chemical Properties
§ Physical Properties
§ Physical Changes
§ States of Matter
§ Solid
§ Liquid
§ Gas
§ Plasma
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Describe identifiable physical properties of a substance.
§ Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of a substance.
§ Differentiate between physical properties and chemical properties.
§ Identify if a property of a substance is a physical property or a chemical property.
§ Diagram the breakdown of matter – list physical/chemical properties of examples.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 8B
· Demonstrate that the pH scale (0-14) is used to measure acidity and classify substances or solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral.
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ pH scale – power of the hydrogen ion concentration.
§ Scale: 0-14 - the lower on the scale, the more acidic.
§ The higher on the scale, the more basic.
§ 7 – neutral.
§ Acids have hydrogen ions.
§ Bases have hydroxide ions. / § pH Scale
§ Acidic
§ Basic
§ Neutral
§ Hydrogen Ion
§ Hydroxide Ion
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Identify acids/bases through the chemical formula.
§ Classify substances as acids or bases according to results of litmus paper testing.
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 1A
· Recognize that all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons, and elements with the same number of protons may or may not have the same mass. Those with different masses (different numbers of neutrons) are called isotopes.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ In an atom, number of protons equals number of electrons. Mass number minus atomic number equals number of neutrons.
§ All substances are made up of particles that are in constant random motion.
§ As temperature increases, movement of particles increase – volume increases. / § Proton
§ Neutron
§ Electron
§ Nucleus
§ Energy Levels
§ Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter
§ Atomic Numbers = number of protons in an atom.
§ Mass Numbers = number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
§ Average Atomic Mass = average mass of all isotopes of an element that is found in nature.
§ Isotope
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Diagram an atom containing all of the subatomic particles.
§ Identify atomic number and atomic mass using the periodic table.
§ Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom of an element using the periodic table.
TOPIC : Study of Matter
· Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 2A
· Illustrate that atoms with the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons are electrically neutral.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Protons have a positive charge.
§ Electrons have a negative charge.
§ Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons are electrically neutral. / § Protons
§ Electrons
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
§ Describe electrical charges associated with the subatomic particles.
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 6B
· Explain that the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons hold an atom together. Relate that on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together (e.g., salt crystals and water).
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Positive charges are attracted to negative charges.
§ Protons – positive are attracted to electrons – negative – keeps atom together.
§ On a larger scale:
§ Ionic compounds – positive ions are attracted to negative ions to form ionic compounds.
§ Polar covalent compounds – molecules have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end
§ Molecules are attracted to each other to build the compound. / § Electrical Forces
§ Electro-negativity
§ Protons
§ Electrons
§ Ions
§ Ionic Compounds
§ Polar Covalent Molecules
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Describe how positive and negative ions are attracted to each other.
§ Diagram a polar-covalent molecule of water.
§ Diagram an atom with the positive protons in the nucleus and the negative electrons surrounding the nucleus.
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 5A
· Describe how ions are formed when an atom or a group of atoms acquire an unbalanced charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Atoms will either gain or lose electrons to form positive or negative ions.
§ Cation – positive ion.
§ Anion – negative ion.
§ Metals – give up electrons to form positive ions.
§ Non-metals – take in electrons to form negative ions. / § Ion
§ Cation
§ Anion
§ Metals
§ Non-Metals
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Diagram ions with the number of protons and electrons.
§ Describe how charges are formed in ions.
§ Identify how atom placement on the periodic table relates to type of ion produced.
§ Example: Metals – positive ions
Non-metals – negative ions
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 4A
· Show that when elements are listed in order according to the number of protons (called the atomic number), the repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements. Recognize that the periodic table was formed as a result of the repeating pattern of electron configurations.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Elements on the periodic table are listed in order of atomic number.
§ Elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels.
§ Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer energy level and have similar properties (Physics and Chemistry). / § Atomic Number
§ Family
§ Group
§ Period
§ Series
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
§ Identify the group/family of an element given characteristics of the element such as chemical activity, number of energy levels, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 7B
· Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons and that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the same before and after the reaction (e.g., writing correct chemical formulas and writing balanced chemical equations).
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Atoms are bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons.
§ In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products.
§ The atoms of each element in a chemical reaction are balanced using coefficients.
§ During a chemical reaction energy is either released or absorbed. / § Covalent Bond
§ Ionic Bond
§ Polar Covalent Bond
§ Chemical Bond
§ Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass)
§ Reactants
§ Products
§ Endothermic
§ Exothermic
§ Chemical Formula
§ Subscript
§ Coefficient
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Identify a formula of a compound given the names of the elements in the compounds.
§ Balance equations using coefficients.
§ Diagram the ionic bonding of elements showing giving/taking in of electrons.
§ Use dot diagrams to illustrate the sharing of electrons of covalent bonds.
TOPIC: Study of Matter
· Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 3F
· Describe radioactive substances as unstable nuclei that undergo random spontaneous nuclear decay emitting particles and/or high energy wavelike radiation.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Half-life is amount of time it takes for ½ of the nucleus to decay.
§ Radiation in the form of slow/fast neutrons, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and x-rays are given off. / § Radioactive
§ Half-Life
§ Nuclear Decay
§ Slow/Fast Neutrons
§ Alpha Particles
§ Beta Particles
§ Gamma Rays
§ X-Rays
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Students give examples and describe the use of isotopes for practical purposes.
§ Example: Carbon – 14 (dating)
Barium – (medicine)
Iodine – 130 (medicine)
131 (medicine)
TOPIC: Forces and Motion
· Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 21D
· Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer’s frame of reference and describe the object’s motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration, and time.
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ F.O.R. necessary ingredient to describe.
§ Position, velocity, acceleration, and time are used to describe motion. / § Position
§ Displacement
§ Velocity
§ Acceleration
§ Time
§ Frame of Reference
§ Vector
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Calculate the acceleration M/S/S (distance/time/time).
§ Calculate the velocity (M/S) (distance/time) + direction.
§ Graph simple vectors (re: speed and acceleration).
§ Determine speed through slope of a Position vs Time graph.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion
· Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 22D
· Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it.
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object.
§ Forces can interact with objects without physical contact. (Forces at a distance)
§ F = ma
§ Change in direction of position when a force is applied and/or change in velocity. / § Newtons 1st Law
§ Inertia
§ Balanced/Unbalanced Forces
§ Weight
§ Gravitational Fields
§ Magnetic Fields
§ Electrical Fields
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
§ Illustrate and calculate net force.
§ Create a field model to represent forces at a distance.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion
· Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONTENT STATEMENT 23D
· Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (Fnet = ma. Note that weight is the gravitational force on a mass.)
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ F = ma
§ Change in direction of position when a force is applied and/or change in velocity. / § Newton’s 2nd Law
§ Balanced/Unbalanced Forces
§ Weight
§ Gravitational Force
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
§ Illustrate and calculate Newton’s 2nd law.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion
· Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 25D
· Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an airplane in flight).
CONCEPTS / VOCABULARY§ Friction – transformation from mechanical energy to heat.
§ Friction - causes negative acceleration/ deceleration. / § Friction
§ Mechanical Energy
§ Action/Reaction
§ Heat Energy
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
§ Create a lab demonstrating negative acceleration due to friction.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion
· Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 24D
· Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on the first object.