The Age of Jackson Review
US History/E. Napp Name: ______
Activity 1: Matching
1. In the presidential election of 1828, Andrew Jackson decisively won both the popular and the electoral votes, initiating the Age of Jackson (1829 – 1837). The chief issue during this period that aggravated sectionalism (loyalty to region rather than nation) was ____ (taxes on imports). / Nullify_____
2.High tariffs lessened foreign competition with Northern industry and enabled American manufacturers to raise prices on consumer goods. But high tariffs made manufactured goods more expensive in the ______. / Secession
_____
3.When even higher tariffs were passed in 1828, Southerners called the move a “Tariff of Abominations” and prepared for revolt. The chief opponent of high tariffs was Jackson’s vice president John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. He argued that every state had a right to ignore, or ____, any act of Congress that, in the state’s judgment, violated the Constitution. / Indian Removal
_____
4. Calhoun believed that nullification applied to the Tariff of 1828, which benefited one ______of the country at the expense of another. / Vetoed
_____
5.South Carolina talked of ______(leaving the Union) until Congress provided for a gradual reduction of the tariff rates in 1833. / Cherokees
_____
6.Another conflict pitted Northern merchants against Western farmers. In 1816 the charter of the second Bank of the United States was up for renewal. Jackson accused the bank of granting loans to Northeastern merchants and manufacturers while denying them to Western farmers. In 1832, he _____ an act of Congress renewing the bank’s charter. / “Trail of Tears”
_____
7.Jackson’s policy of ______forced Native Americans to abandon their villages and move hundreds of miles west, where white had not settled. / South
_____
8. The most tragic forced removal was the 1838 _____. Some 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia were made to trek westward 800 miles through cold and rain, many of them dying from starvation. / Section
_____
9. Earlier, Chief Justice John Marshall had ruled that the ____ had a right to their land, but Jackson ignored the Supreme Court’s ruling. / Reform
_____
10. The first serious movement for ____ in society occurred during the Age of Jackson. / Tariffs
_____
Activity 2: Matching
1. Between 1800 and 1830, state after state removed property requirements for voting. By 1828, virtually all white _____ aged 21 or older could vote. / Spoils System_____
2. Political parties soon changed their methods for nominating candidates. ______(meetings among party leaders) were replaced by nominating conventions in which party delegates from different states voted to select party candidates. / Elizabeth Cady Stanton
_____
3. Jackson’s motto, “To the victor belongs the ____,” was implemented after the election of 1828. / Seneca Falls
_____
4. Democratic supporters of Andrew Jackson took over federal jobs formerly held by political opponents. Supporters of the ____ considered that rewarding government jobs to ordinary people (“the common man”) rather than to the educated and privileged was a democratic reform. / Sojourner Truth
_____
5. Though barred from voting, women such as Lucretia Mott and _____ were extremely active in reform movements. / Caucuses
_____
6. One group of reformers met in convention at ______, New York (1848), and declared that “all men and women are created equal.” / Democracy
_____
7. Among the rights listed in the Seneca Falls’ Declaration of Sentiments were the right of women to ____ and the right of married women to hold property in their own name. / Spoils
_____
8. A unique aspect of the Seneca Falls Convention was that ex-slaves such as ______and Frederick Douglass played major roles in winning support for the declaration. / Vote
_____
9. An ex-school teacher, ______, discovered that the mentally ill were often chained and beaten. She tirelessly called public attention to these horrors and helped establish state mental institutions, or asylums, where patients were well treated. / Males
_____
10. Until the Age of Jackson, education was primarily for privileged boys whose parents could afford private-school fees. Recognizing that ______depended on citizens who could read, write, and reason, reformers like Horace Mann and Henry Barnard advocated state-paid education. Massachusetts and New York led the way by establishing elementary schools where attendance was compulsory and free. / Dorothea Dix
_____
Activity 3: Multiple-Choice
1. At times, the United States Government has passed protective tariffs to(1)encourage foreign trade
(2)help the nation’s manufacturers
(3)reduce the cost of consumer goods
(4)improve the quality of goods
2. During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the spoils system resulted in
(1)federal laws being nullified by the states
(2)elected officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs
(3)all free males being given the right to vote
(4)the end of political corruption in the federal government
3. One way in which the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798) and the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) are similar is that each
(1)claimed that individual states have the right to interpret federal laws
(2)formed part of the unwritten constitution
(3)supported the federal government’s power to declare war
(4)provided a way for new states to enter the Union
4. Dorothea Dix, Jane Addams, and Jacob Riis were all known as
(1) muckrakers
(2) suffragettes
(3) political leaders
(4) social reformers
5. Which belief is identified with nullification?
(1) The states created the federal government and can overturn federal laws.
(2) The federal government was created by federal interests.
(3) Individuals can decide for themselves whether to obey a law.
(4) The Southern states were wrong to join the Union. / 6. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives in Congress Assembled,
We the undersigned, citizens of the United States, but deprived of some of the privileges and immunities of citizens among which, is the right to vote, beg leave to submit the following resolution:
Resolved; that we the officers and members of the National Woman Suffrage Association, in convention assembled, respectfully ask Congress to enact appropriate legislation during its present session to protect women citizens in the several states of this Union, in their right to vote.
~ Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage,
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1873); Source: National Archives and Records Administration
This resolution illustrates the constitutional right to
(1)petition for redress of grievances
(2)protection against unreasonable search and seizure
(3)a speedy and public trial
(4)freedom of religion
7. Sectional rivalries during and after the Age of Jackson centered mainly around
(1) foreign policy, abolition, and the currency system
(2) states’ rights, the national bank, and tariffs
(3) tariffs, the currency system, and neutrality
(4) education, foreign policy, and women’s rights
8. During the Age of Jackson, Native Americans
(1) moved to urban areas in large numbers
(2) formed alliances with other minorities
(3) were forced to move westward
(4) adopted the culture of white settlers
9. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was mainly concerned with
(1) ending slavery in all states
(2) reducing consumption of alcoholic beverages
(3) improving treatment of the mentally ill
(4) expanding women’s rights
Activity 5: Reading
“Dorothea Dix played an instrumental role in the founding or expansion of more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill. She was a leading figure in those national and international movements that challenged the idea that people with mental disturbances could not be cured or helped. She also was a staunch critic of cruel and neglectful practices toward the mentally ill, such as caging, incarceration without clothing, and painful physical restraint. Dix may have had personal experience of mental instability that drove her to focus on the issue of asylum reform, and certainly her singular focus on the issue led to some important victories.
Dorothea Lynde Dix was born in Hampden, Maine, in 1802. Evidence suggests she may have been neglected by her parents, and she appears to have been unhappy at home. She moved to Boston in 1814 to live with her wealthy grandmother. Dix had only attended school sporadically while living with her parents, but in early adulthood, with limited options for women in the professions, Dix became a schoolteacher. She established an elementary school in her grandmother’s home in 1821, and 3 years later, published a small book of facts for schoolteachers that proved extremely popular. By the time of the Civil War, Conversations on Common Things; or, Guide to Knowledge: With Questions had been reprinted 60 times. Written in the style of a conversation between a mother and a daughter, and directed at the young women who dominated the teaching profession, the book reflected Dix’s belief that women should be educated to the same level as men.
Questions:
1-What did Dorothea Dix play in instrumental role in? ______
2-What idea did Dorothea Dix challenge? ______
3-What may have inspired Dorothea Dix to focus on asylum reform? ______
4-Describe Dorothea Dix’s early years. ______
5-Why did Dorothea Dix become a schoolteacher? ______
6-What book did Dorothea Dix publish as a schoolteacher and why did it become popular? ______
She went on to publish several other works, including books of religious poetry and fictional texts featuring moral lessons. Dix’s record of publications and the social circles accessible to her through her grandmother’s significant wealth allowed her to mix with some of the brightest and most influential thinkers of her time. She associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and worked as a governess for William Ellery Channing, the so-called “Father of Unitarianism.”
In 1831, Dix opened a secondary school in her own home. She frequently suffered from bouts of illness, especially during the winter, developing a cough and general fatigue. By 1836, her intense commitment to teaching and demanding workload seemed to have taken its toll. She began to dwell on the idea of death, and felt overwhelmed by her physical illnesses. Biographer David Gollaher, the first scholar to have access to all of her papers, has suggested that she suffered from depression at several times during her life, and that she experienced a type of mental breakdown during this period.
Questions:
7-Why was Dorothea Dix able to mix with some of the brightest and most influential thinkers of her time? ______
8-What began to take a toll on her life? ______
9-What does the biographer David Gollaher suggest about Dorothea Dix? ______
Perhaps her own struggles helped make her a more compassionate advocate for people who had been diagnosed as mentally unstable or insane. Certainly her ill health ended her teaching career and brought her into a new circle of contacts. Emerson, Channing, and Dix’s physician encouraged her to take a restorative trip to Europe, and made the necessary introductions on her behalf. She convalesced in England for more than a year at the home of politician and reformer William Rathbone. During her stay, she met prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, and Samuel Tuke, founder of the York Retreat for the mentally ill. She returned to Boston in 1837, just after the death of her grandmother. The inheritance she received enabled her to support herself fully and devote her time to reform and charitable work.
In 1841, Dix volunteered to teach Sunday school classes to female convicts in East Cambridge Jail. During her visits she saw people with mental illnesses who had been treated inhumanely and neglectfully, and she became determined to improve conditions. She began to investigate the treatment of the mentally ill in Massachusetts, and in 1843 submitted her first ‘memorial’ to the state legislature. These pamphlets were the only means by which a woman could participate in political life in America. Women were barred from voting, could not hold office, and did not present such testimonials themselves before the legislature – a male representative had to read the text aloud. Although she had significant political influence and promoted the education of women, Dix never joined the wider feminist movement or lent her public support to their cause. She has also been criticized for her views on slavery and her resistance to abolitionism.
~ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Questions:
10-What may have made Dorothea Dix a more compassionate advocate for people diagnosed with mental illness? ______
11-How did Dorothea Dix’s ill health affect her teaching career? ______
12-What did Dorothea Dix’s friends encourage her to do? ______
13-Who did Dorothea Dix meet during her journey to England? ______
14-What happened after the death of Dorothea Dix’s grandmother? ______
15-What did Dorothea Dix do in 1841? ______
16-What did Dorothea Dix discover while teaching convicts in a jail? ______
17-What did Dorothea Dix begin to investigate? ______
18-What were women barred from? ______
19-Who had to read Dorothea Dix’s testimonial before the legislature? ______
20-Why could Dorothea Dix not read her “memorial”? ______
21-What did Dorothea Dix never join? ______
22-What has Dorothea Dix been criticized for? ______
Activity 6: Political Cartoon Analysis
Questions:
1-Which president is represented in the political cartoon? ______
2-What was the spoils system? ______
3-How does the cartoonist feel about the spoils system? ______
4-Prove that the cartoonist feels this way. ______