By the End of This Unit, You Should Know

CELLS (The Building Block of Life)

By the end of this unit, you should know...

Al. Describe the following cell structures and their functions:

Cell membrane, mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, and chromosomes.

A2. identify the functional interrelationships of cell structures

A3. identify the cell structures in diagrams and electron micrographs

VOCABULARY

_____ ATP

_____ Cellular respiration

_____ Centriole

_____ Chromatin

_____ Cytoskeleton

_____ Endoplasmic reticulum

_____ Eukaryotic

_____ Flagellum

_____ Golgi apparatus

_____ Hydrolysis

_____ Hydrolytic enzymes

_____ Lipid manufacture

_____ Lysosome

_____ Mitochondria

_____ Nucleolus

_____ Nucleoplasm

_____ Nucleus

_____ Prokaryotic

_____ Protein synthesis

_____ Ribosomes

_____ Rough ER

_____ Saccule

_____ Smooth ER

_____ Vacuole

_____ Vesicle

INTERESTING FACTS

•  The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to _____ meters long and go from the spinal cord to the big toe

•  Every square inch of the human body has an average of ______million bacteria on it.

•  Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about ______pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost ______pounds of skin.

•  Humans shed and regrow outer skin cells about every ______days - almost ______new skins in a lifetime

•  The largest cell in the human body is the female _____ cell. It is about 1/180 inch in diameter. The smallest cell in the human body is the male ______. It takes about ______sperm cells to weigh as much as a single egg cell.

•  Three-hundred-million cells die in the human body every ______

TYPES OF CELLS

There are two types of cells:

1.  ______ Cells

2.  ______ Cells

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

1.  pro = ______

2.  karyotic = ______

3.  These were the _____ cells.

4.  They were primitive, small, had ______ (no nuclear membrane), and no membrane bound cell organelles.

5.  They have ______

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

1.  eu = ______

2.  karyotic = nucleus

3.  These are modern cells.

4.  They have a ______and membrane-bound ______.

5.  They are much larger (up to ______).

EVOLUTION OF CELLS

Since life first appeared on Earth some 3.8 billion years ago, it has been estimated that more than ______% of all species have gone extinct.

CELL THEORY

Ø  All living things are made up of ______

Ø  The cell is also the ______

Ø  All living cells come from ______ cells

CELL STRUCTURE

The cell is the basic unit of life and contains internal structures called ______.

ORGANELLES

1.  Plasma Membrane

This is a universal structure. It is the ______in all organisms.

The cell membrane is composed of a ______ with proteins embedded in it.

Most of the ______inside the cell ______ a bilayer membrane.

The model used to explain the cell membrane is called the ______.

a)  ______: Controls what comes ______ of the cell. Does not let ______ things through.

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL: The ______, thus allowing small non-polar molecules to slip through.

______: Double layered membrane.

b)  ______: carbs attached to ______. Act as ______ – receive info. from body to tell cell what to do.

c)  ______: carbs attached to ______. Act as ______ – receive info. from body to tell cell what to do.

d)  ______: ______ specific larger and charged ______ of the cell. Can act as ‘tunnels’ or will change shape.

e)  ______PROTEINS: They only go through a part of the membrane, or sit on top of another protein.

f)  ______: ______membrane ______by reducing phospholipid movement. Also stops the membrane from becoming ______ at room temperatures.

g)  ______: A cytoskeleton acts as a framework that ______. It also serves as a monorail to ______ organelles around the cell.

2.  NUCLEUS

1.  Dark granule in the ______ of the cell.

2.  Stores ______information

3.  ______cell activities through ______

4.  Controls ______

5.  It is the site of ______ and transcription

3.  NUCLEOLUS:

1.  This is the dark stained area in the nucleus.

2.  It is made up of ______.

3.  It has no membrane

4.  It makes ______ (ribosomal RNA), which then makes ______.

4.  NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE:

1.  A double layer of cell membrane, which contains ______.

2.  Pores allow ______ in and out of the nucleus.

5.  CHROMATIN:

1.  ______wrapped around ______ proteins.

2.  Contains the ______for all proteins in the body

3.  Is condensed into ______ before cell replication.

6.  NUCLEOPLASM:

1.  This is the ______.

2.  It ______& ______ the contents of the nucleus.

7.  MITOCHONDRIA:

1.  This is the ______ of the cell.

2.  It has a double membrane. Inner membrane is very folded = ______ (increased surface area).

3.  Mitochondria have their ______.

4.  Mitochondria are used to ______

5.  Mitochondria performs ______:

8.  RIBOSOME

1.  These are small dark granules made of ______

2.  Ribosomes are the site of ______.

3.  They ensure the ______ of amino acids in the protein chain.

4.  Usually attached to the ______, so proteins produced can be ______ (sent out of the cell).

9.  ______:

1.  Join up to make many copies of the same protein.

2.  Polysomes produce proteins to be used ______.

10. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1.  This is an extensive network of internal ______. The ER connects the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. It is a ______

2.  There are two types:

a)  ______

b)  ______

______ER:

•  Has attached ______.

•  Usually ______ with the nuclear membrane.

•  Ribosomes make proteins and then place them in the rER

•  Proteins are sometimes ______here

•  The rER ______ in a vesicle and sends them to the ______.

______ER:

•  Has ______attached ______.

•  Makes ______.

•  Also ______ harmful material or waste products

•  You’ll find a lot of sER in ______ and ______that make hormones.

11. GOLGI APPARATUS

1.  These are made up of ______, which are stacked loosely on top of each other.

2.  One side faces the _____ and the other faces the ______.

3.  There are usually ______ at the edges of the Golgi.

4.  Their function is to receive, ______, and temporarily ______ proteins and fats from the rough and smooth ER.

5.  These proteins are ______ which pinch off from the edges, and are distributed within the cell or shipped to the cell membrane for excretion.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ORGANELLES WE’VE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR…

12. VESSICLES

1.  These are the ______ of the cell membrane.

2.  Vesicles are ______and are formed by ______ (cell drinking) at the plasma membrane, or are made by the Golgi body.

3.  They are used to ______substances around the cell that need to be separate from the cytoplasm.

4.  Stores ______.

13. VACUOLE

1.  Vacuoles are ______and are formed by ______ (cell eating).

14. LYSOSOME

1.  These are double membraned vacuoles with ______(digestive) ______.

2.  Made by the ______.

3.  They are also known as ‘______’.

LYSOSOME – HYDROLYSIS:

1.  They attach to ______and ______ their contents.

2.  They also destroy ______or malfunctioning ______.

3.  They are capable of destroying ______.

15. CYTOSKELETON

1.  This gives the cell its ______. It ______and supports the cell ______.

2.  It also serves as a monorail to ______organelles around the cell.

3.  There are two components to the cytoskeleton:

a)  ______

b)  ______

16. MICROTUBULE

1.  These are ______ than microfilaments.

2.  They are ______ and made of a coiled protein called ______.

3.  Along with making up the cytoskeleton, they are used to make ______ and spindle fibres.

Cilia & Flagella:

1.  These are ______ projections, which use energy to produce ______/locomotion

2.  They move as the pairs of tubules ______ each other.

3.  Cilia are ______ and there are many of them. Flagella are long and few.

4.  They are made of ‘______’ (‘______’).

5.  Anchored to cell by a ______(‘______’)

Centriole:

1.  A ______(microtubules) that grow ______

2.  They attach to and move ______ during mitosis.

3.  These are found in ______ only.

17. MICROFILAMENTS

1.  They are ______and extremely ______ protein fibres that occur in bundles made of 2 proteins called Actin and Myosin.

2.  ______ around the cytoplasm with the help of these.

18. CYTOPLASM

1.  This is a ‘______’ that contains mainly water with dissolved salts, proteins and other organic compounds.

2.  Its functions are to ______ organelles and to provide water for all of the cells ______.