Goal 2.04: Assess political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.

I.  James Monroe’s Presidency (1817 – 1825)

  1. “______”: period of national and political unity following the War of 1812
  2. Tariff of ______: passed to protect growing US industries from competing with cheaper imported British goods; generally supported throughout country
  3. The Second National Bank of the United States (Bank of the US)
  4. First National Bank (Hamilton’s Bank): charter was not renewed by Congress in 1811
  5. State and private banks took over lending but over extended themselves, leading to high inflation
  6. Federal government had to borrow money from state and private banks at high interest rates to pay for War of 1812
  7. 1816: Congress created the Second National Bank
  8. 1819: Maryland attempted to tax the Bank of the US
  9. ______: Supreme Court rules against Maryland
  10. Bank of US is constitutional under “______” clause
  11. Federal government is above states
  12. States can not interfere with federal agencies
  13. ______of 1819
  14. Bank of US loaned out too much money
  15. British banks called in their loans to Bank, forcing Bank to call in its loans to state banks and individuals
  16. US enters its first economic depression
  17. ______Compromise (1820)
  18. Missouri allowed to enter Union as a slave state
  19. Maine enters Union as a free state to maintain balance
  20. Slavery will only be allowed in future states south of Missouri’s southern border
  21. ______(1823)
  22. US policy designed to keep Spain and other European powers from trying to reestablish colonies in the Americas
  23. US will not tolerate European interference in the affairs of newly independent nations in Central and South America
  24. US will not allow any new European colonies to be established in the Americas
  25. US will not interfere in the affairs of countries in the Americas or in Europe
  26. ______(1824): Supreme Court rules that only federal government can regulate interstate and foreign trade

II.  John Quincy Adams’ Presidency (1825 – 1829)

  1. “______”: Henry Clay threw his support to Adams in the election of 1824 in exchange for being made Secretary of State, costing an angry ______the election
  2. Led to a split in the Democratic-Republican Party
  3. Jackson’s followers = ______Party
  4. Adams’ followers = ______Party
  5. return of the ______system for first time since collapse of the Federalist Party
  6. The ______System: Henry Clay’s and John Quincy Adams’ objectives
  7. Tariffs which will protect US industries
  8. Federally funded improvements to transportation infrastructure
  9. A strong national bank
  10. American System strongly opposed by the ______
  11. Tariff of ______(Tariff of 1828)
  12. Highest tariff in US history
  13. Badly hurt the South
  14. raised cost of manufactured goods
  15. Britain had less money to buy Southern cotton since they were selling fewer British goods in US

III.  Andrew Jackson’s Presidency (1829 – 1837)

  1. Jacksonian Democracy
  2. Suffrage extended to non-property owning white men
  3. Expanded say for the “common man” in how country was run
  4. The ______System: Jackson threw out professional bureaucrats in federal government and replaced them with his party’s loyal followers
  5. ______’s Rebellion (1831)
  6. Slave rebellion led by Nat Turner, a Virginia slave and minister
  7. Led to harsher ______throughout South, banning education and unsupervised public assembly for slaves
  8. ______Crisis (1828 – 1833)
  9. 1828: John C. Calhoun reiterated the concept of Doctrine of Nullification, or the right of the states to refuse to enforce federal laws they feel are unconstitutional
  10. 1832: South Carolina declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and thereby nullified
  11. Jackson threatened to use military force to enforce the tariffs
  12. South Carolina threatened to ______(leave the US) unless tariffs were repealed
  13. ______offered the Compromise of 1833: tariffs will be reduced over a period of 10 years
  14. South Carolina repealed its nullification declaration, ending the crisis
  15. Battle with the 2nd Bank of the US
  16. Jackson disliked the Bank of the US, believed it unconstitutional
  17. Jackson vetoed an effort to renew the Bank’s charter for 20 years
  18. Jackson ordered all federal funds removed from the Bank of the US and placed in ______
  19. Bank of US, with no money to lend, closed
  20. The ______Party: National Republicans changed name to Whigs (same name as a British political party which opposed the power of the King of England) in protest of “King” Andrew Jackson’s policies

IV.  Martin Van Buren’s Presidency (1837 – 1841)

  1. Panic of 1837
  2. State banks, with no federal oversight from the Bank of the US, over-extended themselves by loaning too much money
  3. Many banks failed, leading to soaring inflation
  4. Businesses who could no longer get credit went under, leading to high unemployment

V.  William Henry Harrison’s Presidency (1841)

  1. Shortest tenure in office in US history – 32 days – before dying of pneumonia