Chapter 2Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Chapter 2Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Learning Objectives

In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes

·  Describe what happens to the red blood cells in sickle cell anemia and why these changes have negative effects.

·  Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes.

·  Know the difference between genes and chromosomes.

·  Know the difference between genotype and phenotype.

·  Explain the difference between being homozygous and heterozygous for a particular trait.

·  Explain the difference between dominant alleles, recessive alleles, and incomplete dominance.

·  Explain how the effects of heredity and environment can be studied using twins and adopted children.

·  Describe how phenylketonuria and Huntington's disease are inherited.

·  Describe the disorders associated with extra autosomes or abnormal sex chromosomes.

·  Describe behavioral genetics and polygenic inheritance.

·  Describe how twin studies, adoption studies, and the isolation of DNA segments are used to determine the role of heredity and environment.

·  Describe the 4 general properties that describe the relation between genes and environment, including the concepts of reaction range, niche-picking, and non-shared environmental influences.

From Conception to Birth

·  Describe the timing and the major events associated with the period of the zygote.

·  Describe in vitro fertilization and how reproductive technologies are related to eugenics.

·  Describe the timing and the major events associated with the period of the embryo.

·  Know which layers of the embryo will become which bodily system.

·  Know the location and functions of the amnion, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta.

·  Know the difference between cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth.

·  Describe the timing and major events associated with the period of the fetus.

·  Describe the behavior of the fetus and how it is related to later behavior.

Influences on Prenatal Development

·  Explain how maternal age can affect prenatal development.

·  Describe how maternal nutrition is related to prenatal development.

·  Explain how maternal stress affects prenatal development.

·  Describe the effects of thalidomide on prenatal development.

·  Describe the effects of cigarette smoking on prenatal development.

·  Explain the effects associated with alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy.

·  Know the effects associated with the consumption of aspirin, caffeine, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and nicotine by the mother during pregnancy.

·  Know the effects associated with contracting AIDS, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes, rubella, and syphilis during pregnancy.

·  Know the effects of exposure to lead, mercury, and X-rays during pregnancy.

·  Describe how ingesting PCBs affects development.

·  List the 4 general principles concerning the effects of teratogens on prenatal development.

·  Describe how genetic counseling can help prevent some inherited disorders.

·  Describe the procedures used in ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling and the kind of information each provides about prenatal development.

·  Describe how various problems of prenatal development can be treated with administration of drugs to the fetus, fetal surgery, and genetic engineering.

Labor and Delivery

·  List and describe the events associated with the 3 stages of labor.

·  List some of the benefits associated with prepared childbirth classes.

·  Know the circumstances under which home delivery is safe.

·  Describe the problems associated with anoxia, prematurity, and low birth weight.

Know the causes of and possible preventions of the high infant mortality rate in the United States.