A Classification of the Bird Species of South America
South American Classification Committee
American Ornithologists' Union
(Part 4)
Part 4. Apodiformes (below)
Part 1. Rheiformes to Cathartiformes
Part 2.Accipitriformes to Charadriiformes
Part 3. Columbiformes to Caprimulgiformes
Part 5. Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes
Part 6.Suboscine Passeriformes, A (Sapayoidae to Formicariidae)
Part 7.Suboscine Passeriformes, B (Furnariidae)
Part 8.Suboscine Passeriformes, C (Tyrannidae to Tityridae)
Part 9.Oscine Passeriformes, A (Vireonidae to Sturnidae)
Part 10.Oscine Passeriformes, B (Motacillidae to Emberizidae)
Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Cardinalidae to end)
Hypothetical List
Hybrids and Dubious Taxa
Literature Cited
APODIFORMES 1
APODIDAE (SWIFTS) 1a
Cypseloides cherrieiSpot-fronted Swift
Cypseloides cryptusWhite-chinned Swift 2
Cypseloides nigerBlack Swift (NB) 3, 4
Cypseloides lemosiWhite-chested Swift 3
Cypseloides rothschildiRothschild's Swift 2, 5
Cypseloides fumigatusSooty Swift 3
Cypseloides senexGreat Dusky Swift 3a
Streptoprocne rutilaChestnut-collared Swift 6
Streptoprocne phelpsiTepui Swift 6
Streptoprocne zonarisWhite-collared Swift 6aa
Streptoprocne biscutataBiscutate Swift 6aa
Chaetura spinicaudusBand-rumped Swift 7, 8
Chaetura cinereiventrisGray-rumped Swift 8a
Chaetura egregiaPale-rumped Swift 9
Chaetura vauxiVaux's Swift 10, 10a, 10b, 10c
Chaetura pelagicaChimney Swift (NB) 10a, 10c
Chaetura chapmaniChapman's Swift 10a, 10c
Chaetura viridipennisAmazonian Swift 11
Chaetura meridionalisSick's Swift 12
Chaetura brachyuraShort-tailed Swift 13
Aeronautes montivagusWhite-tipped Swift 13a
Aeronautes andecolusAndean Swift 13a
Tachornis furcataPygmy Swift 14
Tachornis squamataFork-tailed Palm-Swift 15, 16
Panyptila cayennensisLesser Swallow-tailed Swift
1. For continuing support for monophyly of the Apodiformes, see Kitto & Wilson (1966), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Bleiweiss et al. (1994), Johansson et al. (2001), Livezey & Zusi (2001), Mayr (2003), Fain & Houde (2004), Ericson et al. (2004), and Hackett et al. (2008). The Apodiformes and Caprimulgiformes are likely sister taxa (Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Livezey & Zusi 2007), at least if Caprimulgiformes is narrowly defined to include only Caprimulgidae (Hackett et al. 2008).
1a. Most classifications use three or more subfamily designations within the Apodidae, based on Brooke et al. (1972) and references therein, e.g., for New World taxa (e.g., REFs, AOU 1998), Cypseloidinae (Cypseloides, Streptoprocne), Chaeturinae (Chaetura), and Apodinae (Aeronautes, Panyptila, Tachornis). <incorp Lack 1956, Orr 1963 Price et al. (2004, 2005) corroborated those divisions. Cracraft (2013) recognized three subfamilies: Hemiprocninae (extralimital), Cypseloidinae, and Apodinae. SACC proposal needed to add subfamilies.
2. Cypseloides cryptus likely forms a superspecies with Middle American C. storeri (REFS, Chantler 1999); some authors (REFS) propose that C. cryptus is more closely related to, or conspecific with, C. rothschildi/C. fumigatus.
3. Cypseloidesniger, C. lemosi, C. rothschildi, and C. fumigatus are considered to form a superspecies (Mayr & Short 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Chantler 1999).
3a. Cypseloides senex was placed in the genus Aerornis by Peters (1940).
4. Cypseloidesniger was formerly placed in monotypic genus Nephoecetes by many authors (e.g., Cory 1918, Peters 1940, AOU 1957) but see Zimmer (1945a) and AOU (1998).
5. Cypseloides rothschildi was formerly (e.g., Zimmer 1945a, 1953, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered conspecific with C. fumigatus, but see Rogers (1939) and Short (1975). Cypseloides rothschildiwas formerly known as "Cypseloidesmajor," but that name is preoccupied by a synonym of C. senex (Zimmer 1953).
6. Streptoprocne rutila was placed in the genus Chaetura by Peters (1940), but see Zimmer (1953) for the transfer to Cypseloides, a restoration of the classification of Cory (1918), and this was followed in most subsequent classifications (e.g., Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Howell & Webb 1995, Chantler 1999, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Streptoprocne phelpsi was also generally placed in Cypseloides following its original description. However, the breeding biology and plumage pattern of both these species indicate that they belong in Streptoprocne (Marín and Stiles 1992); they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Chantler 1999).
6aa. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) considered Streptoprocne zonaris and S. biscutata to form a superspecies, but they are evidently sympatric in southeastern Brazil.
6b. The Middle American and Andean brunneitorques subspecies group was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) considered a separate species from Streptoprocne rutila, but they were treated as conspecific by Peters (1940).
7. Central American Chaeturafumosa was formerly considered a subspecies of C.spinicaudus (<?>)or of C. cinereiventris (e.g., Cory 1918, REFS), but see Marín (2000).
8. The correct spelling of the species name is spinicaudus (David & Gosselin 2002a).
8a. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that the subspecies sclateri might deserve consideration as a separate species from Chaetura cinereiventris.
9. Chaetura egregia was formerly (e.g., Peters 1940) considered conspecific with C. cinereiventris, but see Pinto & Camargo (1954) for treating them as separate species, a return to the classification of Cory (1918). Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered it and C. cinereiventris, along with West Indian C. martinica, to form a superspecies; others (REF), however, consider C. egregia and C. cinereiventris unlikely to even be sister species.
10. Chaetura vauxi here includes C. andrei ("Ashy-tailed Swift"), following Marín (1997), but see also Note 12.
10a. Mayr & Short (1970) considered Chaetura vauxi, C. pelagica, and C. chapmani to form a superspecies.
10b. Therichmondi subspecies group, which includes the South American subspecies aphanes, was formerly (e.g., Peters 1940) considered a separate species from Chaeturavauxi. check Marin 1997>
10c. Lack (1956) suggested that Chaetura vauxi, C. pelagica, and C. chapmani might be conspecific, but see Wetmore (1957).
11. Chaetura viridipennis was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of C. chapmani, but Marín (1997) provided the rationale for treating viridipennis as a separate species. Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) returned to earlier classifications in treating viridipennis as a subspecies of C. chapmani.
12. Chaetura meridionalis was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Haverschmidt & Mees 1994) considered a subspecies of “C. andrei”; Marín (1997), however, showed that andrei was indistinguishable from C. vauxi aphanes, but that meridionalis warranted treatment as a separate species. This species is presumably closely related to C. pelagica; the two are nearly indistinguishable except by wing formula (Chantler 1999). Called "Ashy-tailed Swift" by Hilty (2003).
13. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) treated the subspecies ocypetes as a distinct species from Chaetura brachyura based on morphology and (anecdotal descriptions of) voice.
13a. Aeronautes montivagus and A. andecola were formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) treated in a separate genus, Micropus, but Peters (1940) merged this into Aeronautes, butplaced andecolus in the genus Apus.
14. Tachornis furcata was formerly (e.g., Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Peters 1940, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in monotypic genus Micropanyptila, or (with T. squamata) in genus Reinarda, but see (REFS, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Called "Pygmy Palm-Swift" in Hilty (2003) [and elsewhere?].
15. Tachornis squamata was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937, Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in genus Reinarda, sometimes including T. furcata, but see (REFS, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Called "Neotropical Palm-Swift" in Hilty (2003) [and elsewhere?].
16. SACC proposal did not pass to remove hyphen from “Palm-Swift”.
TROCHILIDAE (HUMMINGBIRDS) 1
Florisuginae
Topaza pellaCrimson Topaz 25
Topaza pyraFiery Topaz 25
Florisuga mellivoraWhite-necked Jacobin
Florisuga fuscaBlack Jacobin 22
Phaethornithinae1, 2
Eutoxeres aquilaWhite-tipped Sicklebill
Eutoxeres condaminiBuff-tailed Sicklebill
Ramphodon naeviusSaw-billed Hermit 2a
Glaucis dohrniiHook-billed Hermit 3, 3a
Glaucis aeneusBronzy Hermit 4, 4b
Glaucis hirsutusRufous-breasted Hermit 4, 4b
Threnetes ruckeriBand-tailed Barbthroat 3a, 6
Threnetes leucurusPale-tailed Barbthroat 6, 7, 7a, 7b
Threnetes nigerSooty Barbthroat 5, 6, 7, 7c
Anopetia gounelleiBroad-tipped Hermit 8
Phaethornis squalidusDusky-throated Hermit 8a
Phaethornis rupurumiiStreak-throated Hermit 9, 9a
Phaethornis longuemareusLittle Hermit 9, 9b, 9bb
Phaethornis aethopygusTapajos Hermit 9bb, 9bbb
Phaethornis idaliaeMinute Hermit 9b, 9c
Phaethornis nattereriCinnamon-throated Hermit 9c, 10
Phaethornis atrimentalisBlack-throated Hermit 11
Phaethornis striigularisStripe-throated Hermit 12
Phaethornis griseogularisGray-chinned Hermit 12a
Phaethornis ruberReddish Hermit 9c
Phaethornis stuartiWhite-browed Hermit 12b
Phaethornis subochraceusBuff-bellied Hermit
Phaethornis augustiSooty-capped Hermit 13, 13c
Phaethornis pretreiPlanalto Hermit 13, 13a
Phaethornis eurynomeScale-throated Hermit 13b
Phaethornis anthophilusPale-bellied Hermit 13d
Phaethornis hispidusWhite-bearded Hermit
Phaethornis yaruquiWhite-whiskered Hermit
Phaethornis guyGreen Hermit 13c
Phaethornis syrmatophorusTawny-bellied Hermit
Phaethornis koepckeaeKoepcke's Hermit 14, 14a
Phaethornis philippiiNeedle-billed Hermit 14a, 15, 15a
Phaethornis bourcieriStraight-billed Hermit 15a
Phaethornis longirostrisLong-billed Hermit 16, 16a, 17a
Phaethornis superciliosusLong-tailed Hermit 16, 16a
Phaethornis malarisGreat-billed Hermit 16, 17b
Trochilinae1
Doryfera ludovicaeGreen-fronted Lancebill 18, 18a, 18b
Doryfera johannaeBlue-fronted Lancebill 18
Schistes geoffroyiWedge-billed Hummingbird 18, 69, 69a
Augastes scutatusHyacinth Visorbearer 68, 68a
Augastes lumachellaHooded Visorbearer 68
Colibri delphinaeBrown Violetear 22c
Colibri thalassinusGreen Violetear 22a
Colibri coruscansSparkling Violetear 22b, 22d
Colibri serrirostrisWhite-vented Violetear
Androdon aequatorialisTooth-billed Hummingbird 17c
Heliactin bilophusHorned Sungem 18, 71d
Heliothryx barrotiPurple-crowned Fairy 18, 70
Heliothryx auritusBlack-eared Fairy 70, 70b
Polytmus guainumbiWhite-tailed Goldenthroat 37f
Polytmus milleriTepui Goldenthroat 37ff, 42a
Polytmus theresiaeGreen-tailed Goldenthroat 37g
Avocettula recurvirostrisFiery-tailed Awlbill 24
Chrysolampis mosquitusRuby-topaz Hummingbird 26, 26a, 26b, 26c
Anthracothorax viridigulaGreen-throated Mango 23
Anthracothorax prevostiiGreen-breasted Mango 23a
Anthracothorax nigricollisBlack-throated Mango 23b
Heliangelus mavorsOrange-throated Sunangel 55
Heliangelus amethysticollisAmethyst-throated Sunangel 55a, 55b
Heliangelus strophianusGorgeted Sunangel 55c
Heliangelus exortisTourmaline Sunangel
Heliangelus micrasterLittle Sunangel 56, 56a
Heliangelus violaPurple-throated Sunangel56b
Heliangelus zusii Bogota Sunangel 57
Heliangelus regalisRoyal Sunangel 58
Sephanoides sephaniodesGreen-backed Firecrown 54c
Sephanoides fernandensisJuan Fernandez Firecrown
Discosura conversiiGreen Thorntail 29
Discosura popelairiiWire-crested Thorntail 29
Discosura langsdorffiBlack-bellied Thorntail 29, 29a
Discosura letitiaeCoppery Thorntail 29, 30
Discosura longicaudusRacket-tailed Coquette 31
Lophornis ornatusTufted Coquette 28
Lophornis gouldiiDot-eared Coquette 27b
Lophornis magnificusFrilled Coquette 28
Lophornis delattreiRufous-crested Coquette 28a
Lophornis stictolophusSpangled Coquette 28, 28b
Lophornis chalybeusFestive Coquette 28, 28aa, 28b
Lophornis pavoninusPeacock Coquette 28, 28aa
Phlogophilus hemileucurusEcuadorian Piedtail
Phlogophilus hartertiPeruvian Piedtail
Adelomyia melanogenysSpeckled Hummingbird 47f
Anthocephala floricepsSanta MartaBlossomcrown 47c, 47cc
Anthocephala berlepschiTolima Blossomcrown 47c, 47cc
Aglaiocercus kingiiLong-tailed Sylph 62cc, 66a, 67, 67a, 67b
Aglaiocercus coelestisViolet-tailed Sylph 67a
Aglaiocercus berlepschiVenezuelan Sylph 67a
Sappho sparganurusRed-tailed Comet 62e, 62f, 62ff, 66a
Polyonymus caroliBronze-tailed Comet 66a
Taphrolesbia griseiventrisGray-bellied Comet 66, 66a
Oreotrochilus chimborazoEcuadorian Hillstar 50, 66a
Oreotrochilus estellaAndean Hillstar 51, 51a
Oreotrochilus leucopleurusWhite-sided Hillstar 51b
Oreotrochilus melanogasterBlack-breasted Hillstar
Oreotrochilus adelaWedge-tailed Hillstar
Opisthoprora eurypteraMountain Avocetbill
Lesbia victoriaeBlack-tailed Trainbearer 62b, 62c, 62cc, 66a
Lesbia nunaGreen-tailed Trainbearer 62c, 62d
Ramphomicron dorsaleBlack-backed Thornbill
Ramphomicron microrhynchumPurple-backed Thornbill 62cc
Chalcostigma ruficepsRufous-capped Thornbill 62g, 63, 64c
Chalcostigma olivaceumOlivaceous Thornbill
Chalcostigma stanleyiBlue-mantled Thornbill
Chalcostigma heteropogonBronze-tailed Thornbill
Chalcostigma herraniRainbow-bearded Thornbill 62cc
Oxypogon stubeliiBuffy Helmetcrest 62g, 62h, 63
Oxypogon cyanolaemusBlue-bearded Helmetcrest 62g, 62h, 63
Oxypogon lindeniiWhite-bearded Helmetcrest 62g, 62h, 63
Oxypogon gueriniiGreen-bearded Helmetcrest 62g, 62h, 63
Oreonympha nobilisBearded Mountaineer 62g, 63
Metallura tyrianthinaTyrian Metaltail 63, 63a, 63b
Metallura iracundaPerija Metaltail 63, 63a
Metallura williamiViridian Metaltail 63, 64, 64a
Metallura baroniViolet-throated Metaltail 64
Metallura odomaeNeblina Metaltail 64, 65
Metallura theresiaeCoppery Metaltail 64, 64bb
Metallura eupogonFire-throated Metaltail 64
Metallura aeneocaudaScaled Metaltail 64, 64b
Metallura phoebeBlack Metaltail 64
Haplophaedia aureliaeGreenish Puffleg 60, 60c, 61a
Haplophaedia assimilisBuff-thighed Puffleg 61
Haplophaedia lugensHoary Puffleg 61a
Eriocnemis nigrivestisBlack-breasted Puffleg 58a, 58e
Eriocnemis isabellaeGorgeted Puffleg 58c
Eriocnemis vestitaGlowing Puffleg 58b, 58d
Eriocnemis derbyiBlack-thighed Puffleg
Eriocnemis godiniTurquoise-throated Puffleg 59
Eriocnemis cupreoventrisCoppery-bellied Puffleg 58d
Eriocnemis lucianiSapphire-vented Puffleg 58e, 60d, 60b
Eriocnemis mosqueraGolden-breasted Puffleg
Eriocnemis glaucopoidesBlue-capped Puffleg
Eriocnemis mirabilisColorful Puffleg 60a
Eriocnemis alineEmerald-bellied Puffleg 60a, 60aaa
Loddigesia mirabilisMarvelous Spatuletail 70c, 70d
Aglaeactis cupripennisShining Sunbeam 49aaa, 49b, 49c, 49d
Aglaeactis castelnaudiiWhite-tufted Sunbeam 49b, 49d
Aglaeactis aliciaePurple-backed Sunbeam 49d
Aglaeactis pamelaBlack-hooded Sunbeam 49d
Coeligena coeligenaBronzy Inca 53a
Coeligena wilsoniBrown Inca 53a, 53f
Coeligena prunelleiBlack Inca 53a, 53f, 53ff
Coeligena torquataCollared Inca 52, 52a, 53a, 53b
Coeligena violiferViolet-throated Starfrontlet 53a, 53c, 53d
Coeligena irisRainbow Starfrontlet 53a, 53e
Coeligena phalerataWhite-tailed Starfrontlet
Coeligena orinaDusky Starfrontlet 53a, 54
Coeligena lutetiaeBuff-winged Starfrontlet 52a, 53a, 53d
Coeligena bonaparteiGolden-bellied Starfrontlet 53, 53a, 54
Coeligena heliantheaBlue-throated Starfrontlet 53a
Lafresnaya lafresnayiMountain Velvetbreast 51c
Ensifera ensiferaSword-billed Hummingbird 53g
Pterophanes cyanopterusGreat Sapphirewing 54a, 54b
Boissonneaua flavescensBuff-tailed Coronet 49aaa
Boissonneaua matthewsiiChestnut-breasted Coronet
Boissonneaua jardiniVelvet-purple Coronet
Ocreatus underwoodiiBooted Racket-tail 62a
Urochroa bougueriWhite-tailed Hillstar 49aa, 49aaa
Urosticte benjaminiPurple-bibbed Whitetip 62
Urosticte ruficrissaRufous-vented Whitetip 62
Heliodoxa xanthogonysVelvet-browed Brilliant
Heliodoxa gularisPink-throated Brilliant 48a
Heliodoxa branickiiRufous-webbed Brilliant 48b
Heliodoxa schreibersiiBlack-throated Brilliant 48c, 48cc
Heliodoxa aurescens Gould's Jewelfront 49
Heliodoxa rubinoidesFawn-breasted Brilliant 49a
Heliodoxa jaculaGreen-crowned Brilliant
Heliodoxa imperatrixEmpress Brilliant 48d
Heliodoxa leadbeateriViolet-fronted Brilliant
Clytolaema rubricaudaBrazilian Ruby 48
Patagona gigasGiant Hummingbird 48f
Sternoclyta cyanopectusViolet-chested Hummingbird 71
Hylonympha macrocercaScissor-tailed Hummingbird 71
Heliomaster longirostrisLong-billed Starthroat 71, 71a
Heliomaster squamosusStripe-breasted Starthroat 71b
Heliomaster furciferBlue-tufted Starthroat
Myrtis fannyPurple-collared Woodstar 71e
Eulidia yarrelliiChilean Woodstar 73
Rhodopis vesperOasis Hummingbird 71c
Thaumastura coraPeruvian Sheartail
Chaetocercus mulsantWhite-bellied Woodstar 74, 75, 75b
Chaetocercus bombusLittle Woodstar 74
Chaetocercus heliodorGorgeted Woodstar 74, 75b
Chaetocercus astreansSanta Marta Woodstar 74, 76
Chaetocercus berlepschiEsmeraldas Woodstar 74
Chaetocercus jourdaniiRufous-shafted Woodstar 77
Myrmia micruraShort-tailed Woodstar
Microstilbon burmeisteriSlender-tailed Woodstar 72a
Calliphlox amethystinaAmethyst Woodstar 34b, 36aaaa
Calliphlox mitchelliiPurple-throated Woodstar 72
Chlorostilbon melanorhynchusWestern Emerald 33, 34
Chlorostilbon gibsoniRed-billed Emerald 33, 33a
Chlorostilbon mellisugusBlue-tailed Emerald 33, 33b
Chlorostilbon olivaresiChiribiquete Emerald 34a
Chlorostilbon lucidusGlittering-bellied Emerald 34b, 34bb
Chlorostilbon russatusCoppery Emerald
Chlorostilbon stenurusNarrow-tailed Emerald 35, 35a
Chlorostilbon aliceGreen-tailed Emerald 36, 36a, 36aaaa
Chlorostilbon poortmaniShort-tailed Emerald 35a, 36aa, 36aaa, 36aaaa
Chlorestes notataBlue-chinned Sapphire 32, 32a, 32b
Klais guimetiViolet-headed Hummingbird
Stephanoxis lalandiGreen-crownedPlovercrest 27, 27a
Stephanoxis loddigesiiPurple-crownedPlovercrest 27, 27a
Phaeochroa cuvieriiScaly-breasted Hummingbird 19
Campylopterus largipennisGray-breasted Sabrewing 19a
Campylopterus hyperythrusRufous-breasted Sabrewing 19b
Campylopterus ensipennisWhite-tailed Sabrewing
Campylopterus falcatusLazuline Sabrewing
Campylopterus phainopeplusSanta Marta Sabrewing
Campylopterus villaviscensioNapo Sabrewing
Campylopterus duidaeBuff-breasted Sabrewing 19a
Eupetomena macrouraSwallow-tailed Hummingbird 20
Chalybura buffoniiWhite-vented Plumeleteer 47d
Chalybura urochrysiaBronze-tailed Plumeleteer47d, 47e
Thalurania colombicaCrowned Woodnymph 37, 37aa
Thalurania furcataFork-tailed Woodnymph 32b, 37b, 37bb
Thalurania watertoniiLong-tailed Woodnymph
Thalurania glaucopisViolet-capped Woodnymph
AphantochroacirrochlorisSombre Hummingbird 21, 21a
Taphrospilus hypostictusMany-spotted Hummingbird 38
Leucochloris albicollisWhite-throated Hummingbird 38a
Leucippus fallaxBuffy Hummingbird
Leucippus baeriTumbes Hummingbird
Leucippus taczanowskiiSpot-throated Hummingbird 37h
Leucippus chlorocercusOlive-spotted Hummingbird 37i
Amazilia chionogasterWhite-bellied Hummingbird 39, 39a, 39aa, 39b
Amazilia viridicaudaGreen-and-white Hummingbird 39a
Amazilia tzacatlRufous-tailed Hummingbird 40a
Amazilia castaneiventrisChestnut-bellied Hummingbird 40a
Amazilia amaziliaAmazilia Hummingbird 41
Amazilia leucogasterPlain-bellied Emerald 42, 42a
Amazilia versicolorVersicolored Emerald 42, 42a, 43, 43a, 44a
Amazilia brevirostrisWhite-chested Emerald 42, 42a, 44, 44a
Amazilia franciaeAndean Emerald 42, 43b, 43c, 43d, 43f
Amazilia fimbriataGlittering-throated Emerald 42a, 45, 46, 46a, 46aa
Amazilia lacteaSapphire-spangled Emerald 42a, 45, 45a
Amazilia amabilisBlue-chested Hummingbird 45, 45b, 46aa
Amazilia rosenbergiPurple-chested Hummingbird 45
Amazilia saucerotteiSteely-vented Hummingbird 47, 47aaa, 47aaaa
Amazilia cyanifronsIndigo-capped Hummingbird 47
Amazilia edwardSnowy-bellied Hummingbird 47, 47a, 47aa
Amazilia viridigasterGreen-bellied Hummingbird 40, 47, 47b
Amazilia tobaciCopper-rumped Hummingbird 47
Chrysuronia oenoneGolden-tailed Sapphire
Goethalsia bellaPirre Hummingbird 47g
Goldmania violicepsViolet-capped Hummingbird
Lepidopyga coeruleogularisSapphire-throated Hummingbird 36c
Lepidopyga lilliaeSapphire-bellied Hummingbird 37e
Lepidopyga goudotiShining-green Hummingbird
Damophila julieViolet-bellied Hummingbird 36b, 36bb, 36bbb
Hylocharis eliciaeBlue-throated Goldentail 36bbbb
Hylocharis sapphirinaRufous-throated Sapphire
Hylocharis cyanusWhite-chinned Sapphire 32b, 37c, 37cc
Hylocharis chrysuraGilded Hummingbird 37j, 37k
Hylocharis humboldtiiHumboldt's Sapphire 37d
Hylocharis grayiBlue-headed Sapphire 37d, 37dd
1. The monophyly of the Trochilidae has never been questioned. The use of the subfamily level of classification marks the major, deep division of the lineage that is supported by many data sets (e.g., Zusi & Bentz 1982, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Bleiweiss et al. 1994, 1997, Altshuler et al. 2004). However, recent genetic data (Altshuler et al. 2004) indicate that Topaza and Florisuga are basal to the two traditional subfamilies. Altshuler et al. (2004) found strong support for at least four major groups within the traditional Trochilinae, with formal recognition awaiting additional taxon-sampling; those groups are congruent with the groups found by Bleiweiss et al. (1997). McGuire et al. (2007, 2008, 2014) updated the phylogeny presented in Altshuler et al. (2004). SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera. Cracraft (2013) recognized six subfamilies: Florisuginae, Phaethornithinae, Polytminae, Lesbiinae, Patagoninae, and Trochilinae. Proposal needed to add subfamilies.
2. Classification of the Phaethornithinae follows Hinkelmann and Schuchmann (1997). [Sibley & Monroe 1990 removed Ramphodon from subfamily based on perscomms. -- trace] SACC proposal to return to classification of Meyer de Schauensee did not pass.
2a. Genetic data (Bleiweiss et al. 2003, McGuire et al. 2014) and morphology (Fristch & Schuchmann 1988) confirm that Ramphodon is a member of the Phaethornithinae, where traditionally placed. Frtisch & Schuchmann (1988) pproposed that its sister genus is Eutoxeres, but McGuire et al. (2014) found that Eutoxeres is sister to all other genera in the subfamily.
3. Glaucis dohrnii was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Sibley & Monroe 1990) placed in genus Ramphodon, but see Hinklemann & Schuchmann (1997) [check] for a return to the classification of Cory (1918) and Peter (1945).
3a. Glaucis and Threnetesare sister genera (Gill & Gerwin 1989, Altshuler et al. 2004, McGuire et al. 2014).
4. Glaucisaeneus and G. hirsutus form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).
4b. Glaucis is masculine, so the correct spellings of the species names are aeneus and hirsutus (David & Gosselin 2002b).
4b. "Threnetes grzimeki," is now considered an immature plumage of Glaucis hirsutus (Vuilleumier & Mayr 1987, Hinklemann 1988a, Schuchmann et al. 1999).
5. Threnetes niger was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) known as T. antoniae, but see Peters (1945).
6. Threnetesruckeri, T. leucurus, and T. nigerform a superspecies.
7. Threnetes leucurus is traditionally (e.g., Peters 1945, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species from T. niger ("Sooty Barbthroat"), but Hinkelmann and Schuchmann (1997) provided evidence that T. niger and T. leucurus are conspecific; unfortunately, niger has priority over leucurus, the widespread and familiar form. SACC proposal passed to recognize T. leucurus as a separate species from niger because of insufficient published evidence for their treatment as conspecific, thus returning to the traditional classification.
7a. The northwestern subspecies cervinicauda was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Chapman 1926) considered a separate species from Threnetes leucurus, but Peters (1945) and Zimmer (1950a) treated them as conspecific.
7c. Threnetes loehkeni ("Bronze-tailed Barbthroat") was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species, but see Hinkelmann (1988a) for rationale for treating it as a subspecies of T. niger(and also for treating "Threnetes cristinae"as a synonym of T. l. loehkeni). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
8. Anopetia gounelleiwas formerly (e.g., Peters 1945, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) included in Phaethornis. Hinkelmann & Schuchmann (1997) and Schuchmann (1999) resurrected monotypic genus Anopetia for this species; see also "Threnetes longicauda" (Hybrids and Dubious Taxa).
8a. Hinkelmann and Schuchmann (1997) divided Phaethornis into three subgenera based on plumage and morphology, but genetic data (McGuire et al. 2008, 2014) indicate that two of the three subgenera are not monophyletic.
9. Phaethornis rupurumii was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of P. squalidus, but Hinkelmann and Schuchmann (1997) provided evidence for why it should be considered a separate species, as it was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937, Peters 1945, Phelps & Phelps 1958a).
9a. Called "Rupurumi Hermit" by Hilty (2003).
9b. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Phaethornislonguemareus and P. idaliae to form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by Peters (1945) and Zimmer (1950a).
9bb. Hinkelmann (1996) proposed that the subspecies P. l. aethopygus represented hybrids between P. ruber and P. rupurumii amazonicus. Piacentini et al. (2009) showed that aethopygus was not only a valid taxon but also probably worthy of species rank. SACC proposal passed to recognize aethopygus as a separate species.
9bb. Formerly spelled P. aethopyga, but the species name is variable and must be changed to the masculine form; see Dickinson & Remsen (2013).