Xat-2006: Verbal Ability

XAT-2006: VERBAL ABILITY

DIRECTIONS(1-6):Choosethecorrectalternative.

1.Whichof thefollowingchoicesMOSTaccuratelycapturesthe meaningofedificeasusedin thesentencebelow?

Theedificeof'publicspace',builtup throughliteracyor informative institutionsof populareducationandonwhichthepillarsof democracy

weremounted,isnowcrumbling.

A.Infrastructure

B.Building

C.Paraphernalia

D.Noneoftheabove

2.The oftheSanskritVedichymnsintoEnglishisoftennot possible;whatexpertsdoisa

Belowtherearethreewordsindicated.Choosethealternative(among A,B,C,D)thatyouthinkhastherightcombinationofwordsthatcan beusedtofillthegapsin thesentenceaboveandgiveitacoherent meaning.

X:Translation

Y Rendition

Z:Conversion

A.X,Zin thatorder B.Y,Xinthatorder CX,Y inthatorder

D.Cannotbedetermined,sincethechoicedependsonthe contextin whichthesentenceisused

3.Thephrase'RanchontheGanges': A.Denotesanobject

B.Qualifiesanobject

C.Alludestoasuggestivemeaning

D.Noneoftheabove

4.'Inthisplaceflowedariver.Atowncameupbyitsbankssometime. Andtodaythereisaconcreteroadofthemetropolitancity.WhenI benddownandplacemyearsontheroad,Icanstillhearthe

splashingofthewaterflowingunderneath.'

Thepassageaboveis: A.Literal

B.Discursive

C.Descriptive

D.Noneoftheabove

QUESTIONS5-6

'WhenIbecomeawareofthepaininmyinjuredleg,itbeginstohurt andthepainbecomessoexcruciatingthatIoftenloosecontrolover mysenses.'

5.Intheabovepassage,'excruciating'refersto: A.Suddennessof thepain

B.Objectivityof the pain

C.Longevityof the pain

D.None.oftheabove

6.Whichof thefollowingwordscanpossiblyreplace'excruciating'

withoutCHANGINGtheunderlyingmeaning? A.Dominating

B.Massive

C.Overwhelming

D.Irritating

AllthesequestionsarefromXAT XAT2006:PARAJUMBLE

QUESTIONS7-9:Ineachofthefollowingquestions,choosethecorrect

orderofstatements(A,B,C...)togiveacoherentmeaningto the text?

Question7

StatementA:Suchinter-operabilityofasoftwareserviceorproduct appearstobeonlyoneaspect,andthe interoperablesystemis itself evolving.

StatementB:Eachsoftwareproductintroducesavariationand consequentlyachangein thesystem.

StatementC:Anoperatingsystemmustworkwithapplicationsand otherelementsinahardwareplatform.

StatementD:Asoftwarefirmwhileintroducingitsproductorservice, therefore,doesnotstriveformutecomplementaritiesalonebuttries tobringaboutachangein theexistingstructure.

StatementE:Inotherwordsthecomponentsmustbedesignedtobe inter-operable.

A.BCDAE B.CEABD CDAEBC D.CBEAD

Question8

StatementA:Moreover,asarguedabove,knowledgeisentailednotby wayofjustificationassuch.butby the realizationofgoodorfruit ladennessofmeaningandactionsor iteratedactions.

StatementB:Knowledgeisrequiredinordertoresolvedoubtsand thusinordertoactmeaningfully.

StatementC:Thereforetheactionsinacommonlyleddailylifeare bothmeaningfulandknowledge-driven.

StatementD:Indiantheoristsargueforacommonknowledge,which isobtainedthroughiteratedfruitful!actions,throughtheauthorityof sentences(orwords).

StatementE:Weargueforfoursourcesofvalidationofknowledge, viz.,sentence,inference,directperceptionandanalogy.

A.AECBD RBAECD C.BDCEA

D.EADCB

Question9

StatementA:ButPSThasalsousedsatellitepicturestosuggestthat anancientfortifiedtownhadexisted30KmfromJunagadh.

StatementB:Soilandvegetationpatternswereusedinthesearch.

StatementC:Thesitemarchesthedescriptionof Krishna'stowninan ancientscripture.

StatementD:PST'sprimaryjobatSpaceApplicationsCentrehasbeen trackinglanduseandforestcoverwithsatelliteimages.

StatementE:Anarcheologisthowevercautionedthatremotesensing

andscripturesby themselveswouldnotbeenoughto identifya township.

StatementF:Itwasclaimedthatsoilandvegetationpatternsat ancientabandonedsitesrevealspecificpatternsthatcanbepickedby satelliteimages.

A.DACBEF B.DACBFE

C.FDCABE

D.FDACBE

Criticalreasoning

QUESTION10-13:Analyzethefollowingstatementsandgivean

appropriateanswerforthefollowingquestions.

10."Iftheforestcontinuestodisappearatitspresentpace,theRoyal

Bengaltigerwillapproachextinction,"saidthebiologist.

"Soallthatis neededtosavethetigeristostopdeforestation,"said thepolitician.

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisconsistentwiththebiologist's claimbutnotwiththepolitician'sclaim?

A.Deforestationcontinuesandthetigerbecomesextinct. B.Deforestationisstoppedandthetigerbecomesextinct. C.Reforestationbeginsandthetigersurvives.

D.Deforestationisslowedandthetigerapproachesextinction.

11.Thereislittlepointin lookingtoartistsforinsightsintopolitical issues.Mostofthemholdpoliticalviewsthatarelessinsightfulthan thoseofanyreasonablywell-educatedpersonwhoisnotanartist. Indeed,whentakenasawhole,thestatementsmadebyartists, includingthoseconsideredtobegreat»indicatethatartistictalentand politicalinsightarerarelyfoundtogether.

Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage? A.Therearenoartistswhohaveinsightsintopoliticalissues.

B.Someartistsarenolesspoliticallyinsightfulthansomereasonably well-educatedpersonswhoarenotartists.

C.Everyreasonablywell-educatedpersonwhoisnotanartisthas

moreinsightintopoliticalissuesthananyartist. D.Politiciansrarelyhaveanyartistictalent.

12.Allintelligentpeoplearenearsighted.Iamverynearsighted.SoI

mustbeagenius.

Whichoneofthefollowingexhibitsbothofthelogicalflawsexhibited intheargumentabove?

A.Iacoccaisextremelyhappy,so hemustbeextremelytallbecause alltallpeoplearehappy.

B.Allchickenshavebeaks.Thisbirdhasabeak.Sothisbirdmustbe achicken.

C.Allgeniussesareverynearsighted.Imustbeverynearsighted

sinceIamagenius.

D.ImustbestupidbecauseallintelligentpeoplearenearsightedandI

haveperfecteyesight.

13.Thedistricthealthofficerboaststhattheaverageambulance turnaroundtime,thetimefromsummonstodeliveryofthe patient, has beenreducedthisyearfortop-priorityemergencies.Thisisa seriousmisrepresentation.This"reduction"wasproducedsimplyby redefining"toppriority".SuchemergenciesUsedtoincludegunshot woundsandelectrocutions,themosttime-consumingcases.Nowthey arelimitedstrictlytoheartattacksandstrokes.

Whichoneofthefollowingwouldstrengthentheauthor'sconclusion thatitwastheredefinitionof"toppriority"thatproducedthereduction inturnaroundtime?

A.Thenumberofheartattacksandstrokesdeclinedthisyear.

B.Thehealthofficerredefinedthedistrict'smedicalprioritiesthisyear. C.Onehalfofalllastyear'stop-priorityemergenciesweregunshot woundsand

electrocutioncases.

D.Othercitiesincludegunshotwoundcasesintheircategoryoftop- priorityemergencies.

Reading Comprehension

DIRECTIONS:Questions14-19arebasedonthepassagebelow.

Deliberativedemocracydemandsareflexive(orreflectiondriven) reorderingofpreferencesinanon-coercivemanner.Theauthenticity ofdemocracyrequiresinadditionthatthesereflectivepreferences, influencecollectiveoutcomesandaction,andsolongasthestateis themain(thoughfarfromexclusive)locusofcollectivedecisions,it requiresdiscursivemechanismsfortransmissionofpublicopinionto thestate.Adeliberativeormoreproperlyadiscursivedemocracy,in orderthatitcanaccommodateseveralcompetingversionsof

democraciessuchastheliberal,theminimal,medifference,etc.,must alsoaccommodaterhetoric,narratives,andempathyalongwith reasoning.A rationalityandareasoningthatdoesnotaccommodate valuesis meaningless.However,itisalsoarguedthat'individual rationalitycannotherealizedifvaluesareembeddedinthedecision procedures,inotherwords,realizationofvaluescouldbemade possible onlywhenindividualsbehavenon-rationally.Furtherifvalues havingbeenabandonedattheindividuallevelareaccordedaplace

onlycollectively,thesamemustleadtoeither"epistemological inconsistencyorabandonmentofautonomyofindividualevaluations". Atalkorarhetoric,otherwise,isstrategicandis employedwiththe intentionofsignalingcertaininformation.Sucha talkcanbetherefore deceptiveandcoercive.Theillocutionaryforceandthenormative trappingsofaFoucauldiandiscoursewhileallowingidentificationwith

acommunityanddifferenceswiththeothers,dosimultaneouslypose throughcoercionathreattoanutteranceassuch.Ifdemocracy

cannotensureutteranceasfreedomandif theillocutionaryforcesina

discursivedemocracydisciplinesthethoughtandthetalk,thenhow suchademocracycouldindeedbecalledauthentic!

Mosthumanactionsanddiscoursesareactuatedbyadeeperor primordialante-deliberationDesire(letususea capital'D').Speaking assuchisoutofsuchaDesire(onemightusevolitionorpassion). Engaginginadeliberationorelseinanactionispossibleonlysince therehasbeensuchaDesire.Desireappearstoboththereflection

andalsotoanobserverasamental-state.Adiscoursecanbesetonly whensuchmentalstatesareinharmony,orshareacommon predispositionorattitude.In theabsenceofsuchsharedmental-

states,no discourseandnodeliberationcanbegin.Arunning

underlyingandmostoftenunstatedthemethatremainsatthebackof theideaofdeliberativedemocracyiscompetition-acompetitionwith the'other'whichintroducesstrategy.Thealternativetocompetition,a mental-statewhichisoutofaDesiretoenjoythe'other'in thelightof

amemorythatthis'one'andthe'other'werebutthesameandwould againbecomethesame,donotappearintheknownAnglo-American literature.Sucha mental-statemightgenerateandkeepalive possibilitiesofcooperationalthoughis neverastateofcooperation aloneassuch.

14.Whichofthefollowingfollowsfromthepassageabove?

A.Arhetoricladentalkcangenerateauthenticdemocraticcollective choice

B.Irrationalpersonsalonecanhavevalues

C.Authenticityofdemocracyrequiresastrongreflection-action interaction

D.Aparadigmofcompetitionalonecansustainanauthentic democracy

15.Desireasante-deliberationdrivingactionreferto: A.Irrationalityofdeliberation

B.Uselessnessofdeliberation

C.Desiretoactwithoutthinking

D.Temporalinconsistencyinapositionthatarguesfordeliberative actionconstitutingdemocracy

16.Whichofthefollowingis truefromthepassage? A.Authorarguesthatdemocracyis boundtofail

B.AuthorarguesthatDesireisprimal

CAuthorarguesfor an,endtoprimaldesiresothatanendto competitioncancomethrough

D.Noneoftheabove

17.AFoucauldiandiscourseasusedin thepassagedoesNOTreferto: A.Discoursebasedonpower

B.Communitybaseddiscourse

CStrategicdiscourse

D.Noneoftheabove

18.Whichofthefollowingwordsis.closestto theword'primordial'as usedin thepassageabove?

A.Elemental B.Anarchist C.Animalistic

D.Nihilistic

19.Whichofthefollowingcapturesthe spiritof thepositionthatthe authorhintsatthroughthephrase'alternativetocompetition'?

A.Allthepragmaticworldis-astage-a playunfolding

B.Democracyisanunrulyfightamongcitizens

C.Socialistplanningdoesawaywiththe chaosofcompetition

D.Noneoftheabove

Reading Comprehension–2

DIRECTIONS:Questions20-22arebasedonthepassagebelow. In1980,theUSSupremeCourtoverturneddecadesoflegal

precedentsthatsaidthatnaturallyoccurringphenomenon,suchas bacteria,couldnotbepatentedbecausetheywerediscoveriesrather

thaninventions.Yetthatyear,theCourtdecidedthatabiologist

namedChakrabartycouldpatentahybridizedbacteriumbecause'his discoverywashishandiwork,notthatofnature'.Amajorityofthe judgesreiteratedthat'anewmineraldiscoveredintheearthoranew plantdiscoveredin thewildis notpatentable'.Yettheybelievedthat Chakrabartyhadconcoctedsomethingnewusinghisowningenuity. EvenChakrabartywassurprised.Hehadsimplycultureddifferent strainsof bacteriainthebeliefthattheywouldexchangegenetic materialinalaboratorysoup.Thethenembryonicindustryusedthe casetoarguethatpatentsshouldbeissuedongene,proteinsand othermaterialsofcommercialvalue.

By1980s,theUSPatentOfficehadembarkedonafar-reachingchange ofpolicytopropeltheUS industryforward,routinelyissuingpatentsonproductsofnatureincludinggenes,fragmentsof genesandhumanproteins.In1987.forexample,GeneticsInstituteInc.wasawardeda patentonerythropoietin,aproteinof165aminoacidsthatstimulatestheproductionofredbloodcells.Itdidnotclaimtohaveinventedtheprotein:ithadextractedsmallamountsofthe naturallyoccurring substancefromthousandsof gallonsofurine.Erythropoietinisnowa multi-billiondollar-a-yeartreatment.

Theindustry'sargumentis thatinnovationprospersonlywhenit is rewarded.Withoutrewards,innovationwillnottakeplace.Thebarriers toentryintobiotechnologyarerelativelylow.Biotechnology

companiesdonothavetobuildcostlyfactoriesofhighstreetretail outletsor investin brandreputations.Thebasicunitsofproductionare bacteriamanipulatedtodelivertherapeuticallyandcommercially valuablesubstances.Withouttheprotectionofapatent,an innovative biotechnologycompanywillfinditsdiscoveriesquicklycopiedbylater entrant.If theownershipofrightstoexploitageneticdiscoverywere

leftunclear,therewouldbelessinnovationin theeconomyasawhole andwewouldallbeworseoff.ThebiotechnologyindustryinUSAis largerthananywhereelse,inpartbecauseinnovatorstherehavebeen allowedtopatenttheir'inventions'.In1998,therewerealmost1500 patentsclaimingrightstoexploithumangenesequences.

Yettheownershipregimeforindustriesandproductsspawnedby geneticsisfarfromsettled.Apracticalargumentisaboutwhatshould beowned-thegeneor thetreatment.Thecysticfibrosisgene,for example,ispatented,andanyonewhomakesorusesadiagnostickit thatusesknowledgeofthegenesequencehastopayroyaltytothe patentholder.Manywouldarguethatthisistoobroadapatent,which maybeexcessivelystrongandslowdowninnovation.Aswemoveinto theknowledgeeconomy,issuessuchas thebreadthandscopeofa patent,thestandardsofnovelty,eventheduration;willbecomemore problematical.Toputinanotherway,whoshouldownwhatandfor howlongwillbecomemoreofanissueinaknowledgedriven

economy.Thatis becauseincentivesto exploitknowledgeneedtobe setagainstthevalueofsharingit. Scientificenquiryproceedsasa resultofcollaboration,thesharingandtestingofideas.Wearelucky thatJamesWatsonandhiscollaboratorFrancisCreekdidnotworkfor GenentechorGlaxo-Wellcomebecauseeverygeneticresearcherwould nowbepayingaroyaltytousetheirdiscovery.Genetics,asmost sciences,is builtonabedrockofsharedknowledge.Themorebasic

theknowledge,the moreinappropriatestrongpropertyrightsand exclusiveprivateownershipbecomes.Privatizationofknowledg-may

makeit lesslikelythatknow-howwillbeshared.PerkinElmewill

publishitsresearchonthe,humangenome,butonlyonceinthree monthsandthecompanywillreserveatleast300genesforitsown patentprogramme.Publiclyfundedresearcherssharetheirresults moreopenlyandmorefrequently.

20.Theerythropoietinepisodeshowsthat:

A.Patentingistheonlywaytoencourageexplorationofnewideas

B.Patentingacceleratesexploitationof newideas

C.Claimstopatentabilityareoftenfalse

D.Noneoftheabove

21.Afterreadingthepassage,whichof thefollowingstatementsdo youthinkcapturesbest,thetenorofthepiece?

A.Theauthorisunequivocalaboutundesirabilityofapatenting system

B.Theauthor.exploresthecomplexitiesinpatenting

C.Theauthordeliberatelyobfuscatesissues

D.Thepassageis boringabout

22.Chakrabartypatentissueshowsthat: A.Patentauthoritiesareinfallible

B.Patentsystemsareadhoc

C.Patentingrationaleissociallyembeddedandevolutionary

D.Noneoftheabove

DIRECTIONS:Questions20-22arebasedonthepassagebelow.

In1980,theUSSupremeCourtoverturneddecadesoflegal precedentsthatsaidthatnaturallyoccurringphenomenon,suchas bacteria,couldnotbepatentedbecausetheywerediscoveriesrather thaninventions.Yetthatyear,theCourtdecidedthatabiologist namedChakrabartycouldpatentahybridizedbacteriumbecause'his discoverywashishandiwork,notthatofnature'.Amajorityofthe judgesreiteratedthat'anewmineraldiscoveredintheearthoranew plantdiscoveredin thewildis notpatentable'.Yettheybelievedthat Chakrabartyhadconcoctedsomethingnewusinghisowningenuity. EvenChakrabartywassurprised.Hehadsimplycultureddifferent strainsof bacteriainthebeliefthattheywouldexchangegenetic materialinalaboratorysoup.Thethenembryonicindustryusedthe casetoarguethatpatentsshouldbeissuedongene,proteinsand othermaterialsofcommercialvalue.

Theindustry'sargumentis thatinnovationprospersonlywhenit is rewarded.Withoutrewards,innovationwillnottakeplace.Thebarriers toentryintobiotechnologyarerelativelylow.Biotechnology

largerthananywhereelse,inpartbecauseinnovatorstherehavebeen allowedtopatenttheir'inventions'.In1998,therewerealmost1500 patentsclaimingrightstoexploithumangenesequences.

theknowledge,the moreinappropriatestrongpropertyrightsand exclusiveprivateownershipbecomes.Privatizationofknowledg-may

makeit lesslikelythatknow-howwillbeshared.PerkinElmewill

publishitsresearchonthe,humangenome,butonlyonceinthree monthsandthecompanywillreserveatleast300genesforitsown patentprogramme.Publiclyfundedresearcherssharetheirresults moreopenlyandmorefrequently.

20.Theerythropoietinepisodeshowsthat:

A.Patentingistheonlywaytoencourageexplorationofnewideas

B.Patentingacceleratesexploitationof newideas

C.Claimstopatentabilityareoftenfalse

D.Noneoftheabove

21.Afterreadingthepassage,whichof thefollowingstatementsdo youthinkcapturesbest,thetenorofthepiece?

A.Theauthorisunequivocalaboutundesirabilityofapatenting system

B.Theauthor.exploresthecomplexitiesinpatenting

C.Theauthordeliberatelyobfuscatesissues

D.Thepassageis boringabout

22.Chakrabartypatentissueshowsthat: A.Patentauthoritiesareinfallible

B.Patentsystemsareadhoc

C.Patentingrationaleissociallyembeddedandevolutionary

D.Noneoftheabove

Reading Comprehension–3

DIRECTIONS:Questions23-29arebasedonthepassagebelow. Enterprisesin thethroesofdiscoveryhaveanauraofmagicaround

them.In theworldofsoftwarethisbecomesmany-splendouredwitha certainjoiedeyivre,quitedistinctfromwhatobtainselsewhere:a senseofwonderment,surpriseandeventualdelight;acomingwithin reachofpowerandprofits;possiblythroughalittletweakin technologywitha touchofnovelty,openingupvistasthathadalways seemedsonearyetsofar.Inprofessionalmanagementterms,this wavingof thewizard'swand,asitwere,is nothingmorethanan

effectiverecoveryofstrategyfromatechnologicalparadigm.Thisbook isaboutexploringthejourneyfromrulesandnormstosolutions, specificsolutionsprizedoutoftheanouredcoversofsector-specific industrialstructuresandoftenresources-determinedmindsetsthat Indiansoftware'firmsseemstohavemastered.Originalityisthe fountainheadofsuchastrategy.It thenprogressesintothe realmsof theeconomicsofinnovationtogive itselfasolidfoundationfrom

whereitbecomespossibletoretrieveanewlanguageofstrategyand ofinnovation.Inthishigh-naturalyetdynamicworld,the profit

motive,backedbyingenuity,lendsupporttomanyof thearguments

thatevolveinthisflowofevents.TheIndiansoftwareexperienceisa uniquedemonstrationofhowthisprocess-thecoalescingofthe economicsofsurpriseandnoveltyandtheeconomicsofknowledge works.Thisformsthebasicsof thestrategytheory.

Thereareseveralgrandtheoriesofevengrandertraditions:the industrialorganizationapproach,includingseveralkindsof structure- conductperformanceassertionsandgametheoreticmodels, evolutionarytheoriesandcorrespondingcase'studies,resource-based approachesorseveralintermediatevariantsofcompetencybased ideasthatprovideuswitharichyetincompletelandscape.This

landscapeisperhapsobliviousofcertaintraditionsprovidedby theory;

therichrepertoirebequeathedbyMarshallandShackleis acasein point,astheyareimmenselyrewarding.Eachimportanttraditionsor theoryhasmadeglobalassertionsandhasprovedtobeprescriptiveor normative.SomeauthorshavelookedbackatMarshallandahandful

atShackle.Fewerstillreconsideredcertainrich-traditionsofthinking onstrategy.Thisbookdoesnotattemptto issueprescriptiveor

normativeguidelinespurelybecause,theglobalcanvassistoolarge

andoftenbeyondthecapacityofintelligentcomprehension.AstrategistactsonalocalscalefollowingwhatSimonhasgenerallyobserved. Pragmatismemergesasanimportantguide-andachievingthesurprise elementisaboveall.thekeytodefinitivestrategy.Whilethisstrategy evolvesfromgovernance,italsoinfluencesgovernanceateverystage. Handicappedbyapaucityofresources,thestrategist

mustdovetailthetwoto increaseimmenselythescopeof governance notonlyoverwhattheincumbentpossesses,butalsooveramuch largergroupoffirmsnotunderitsdirectcontrol.Thisneednot necessarilybeexplainedbyanothergrandtheory,withglobally prescriptiveassertionsorpowersofpredictions.Surprisemuststand beyondpredictability.'Itmustgoverntoearnwindfallprofit.Strategy thuscannotbeprescribed;itwouldcomprisepiecemealengineering. Thisiswhatthisbookexplains.

23.Thelocaleofthephrase"actingona localscale"asusedin the passageaboverefersto:

A.Cognitivelydelimitedspace

B.Geographicallydelimitedspace

C.Temporallydelimitedspace

D.Noneoftheabove

24.Theideaofa'magic'asusedin the passagerefersto: A.Irrationalityandblindbelief

B.Asenseofwonderatimaginationunbridledbyanygovernance whatsoever

CAsenseofwonderatthediscoveryofagrandtheory

D.Noneoftheabove

25.Accordingto the author,theseveralextantstrandsofstrategy literaturesuchastheIndustrialOrganizationapproachprovidean incompletelandscapebecause:

A.TheyfailtotakeaccountofcontributionsofMarshallandShackle

B.Itis normativein nature

C.Thevastlyrichandunfoldingrealityisbeyondthecapacityof humancomprehension

D.Noneoftheabove

26.Whichofthefollowingfollowsfromthepassage?

A.Indiansoftwarefirmshaveexcelledinprovidingspecificsolutions B. Indiansoftwarefirmshavebeenremarkabletechnologyinnovators C.Indiansoftwarefirmshavebenefitedfromlowpricedmanpower, withadequateprogrammingskills

D.Noneoftheabove

27.Fromthepassagewhichwouldbeanadequatecharacterizationof theauthor?

A.Positivist

B.Pragmatist C.Empiricist D.Cynical

28.Fromitsusageinthepassagewhichis themostappropriate meaningof theword'wizard'?

A.Conman

B.Apersonofwisdom

C.Awellknownpersonality

D.Noneoftheabove

29.FromitsusageinthepassagewhichisNOTthemostappropriate meaningof theword'ingenuity'?

A.Cunning

B.Creative C.Original D.Clever

Reading Comprehension–4

DIRECTIONS:Questions30-35arebasedonthepassagebelow.

Thinkbackto1993.ThatiswhentheCentreforDiseaseControlcame upagainstthehantavirusintheSouthWest.Thevirusmadenosense. Ithadneverappearedinlandlockedregionsbefore,anditwaskilling peoplebyattackingtheirlungsratherthantheirkidneys,thevirus's usualtarget.Itseemedtodefyexplanation.Andthat'sasclosea paralleltoacosmologyepisodeasIcandescribe.Basicallya

cosmologyepisodehappenswhenpeoplesuddenlyfeelthatthe universeisno longerarational,orderlysystem.Whatmakessuchan

episodeshatteringisthatpeoplesufferfromtheeventand,atthe

sametime,losethe means'torecoverfromit.In thissense,a cosmologyepisodeistheoppositeofadéjàvuexperience.In momentsofdejavu,everythingsuddenlyfeelsfamiliar,recognizable. Bycontrast,inacosmologyepisode,everythingseemsstrange.A

personfeelslikehehasneverbeenherebefore,hasnoideaofwhere heis,andhasnoideawhocanhelphim.An inevitablestareofpanic ensues,andtheindividualbecomesmoreandmoreanxiousuntilhe findsitalmostimpossibletomakesenseofwhatishappeningtohim.

Thecontinualmerginganddivestingandrecombiningandchangingof responsibilitiesandbossesovertheyearshascreatedimmense cosmologicalepisodesforbusinesspeople.Evenseniorexecutivesare unsureofwhomtheyareworkingforandwhy.SoIthinkitisfair to saythatinthecourseoftheircareers,everymanagerwillhavea cosmologyepisode:theirworldswillgetturnedupsidedown.Having thekindofalertnesstoweaksignalsthatweseeatHighResponse organizationscanhelpmanagersavoidthisparticularpsychological crisis.Inthecaseofhantavirus,forexample,thepuzzlewas

eventuallysolvedwhenepidemiologistsdiscoveredthatrecentclimatic changeshadproducedanexplosionin therodentpopulationthat carriedthevirus,whichincreasedthelikelihoodthathumansmightbe exposedtohantavirus.Incosmologicalepisodes,payingveryclose attentiontodetailscandefinitelyrestoreasenseofmastery.

WhatIhaverepeatedlynoticedis thatpeoplewhoreallygetinto troubleduringthesecrisisarethosewhotryto thinkeverything through beforetakingaction.Theproblemwithdefiningandrefining yourhypothesiswithouttestingthemis thattheworldkeepschanging, andyouranalysisgetsfurtherandfurtherbehind.Soyouhave constantlygottoupdateyourthinkingwhileyouaresittingthereand reflecting.AndthatiswhyIamsuchaproponentofwhatIcall

'sensemaking'.Therearemanydefinitionsof'sensemaking;formeit isthe transformationofrawexperienceintointelligibleworldviews. It'sabitlikewhatmapmakersdowhentheytry tomakesenseofan unfamiliarplacebyputtingitonpaper.Butthecrucialpointin cartographyis thatthereisnoonebestmapofaparticularplace. Similarlysense-makinglendsitselftomultipleconflicting

interpretations,allofwhichareplausible.Ifanorganizationfindsitself unsureofwhereit'sgoing,orevenwhereitsbeen,thenitoughttobe wideopentoa lotofinterpretations,al1ofwhichcanleadtopossible action.Theactionanditsconsequencethenbegintoeditthelistof interpretationsdowntoamoremanageablesize.

Andthisis thepointIwishtounderscore.Action,temperedby reflectionis thecriticalcomponentinrecoveryfromcosmology episodes.Onceyoustarttoact,youcanfleshoutyourinterpretations andreworkthem.It'stheactionitselfthatgetsyoumoving.Thereisa beautiful,exampleofthis.SeveralyearsagoaplatoonofHungarian soldiersgotlostintheAlps.Oneofthe soldiersfoundamapin his

pocketandthetroopsusedittogetoutsafely.Subsequently, however,thesoldiersdiscoveredthatthemaptheyusedwasinfact thedrawingofanothermountainrangethePyrennes.Incrisisleaders havetoactto think.

30.ThehantavirusincidentDOESNOTshowsthat: A.Ignoranceispervasive

B.Uniquenessin itsdetailscanneverbeenumeratedexhaustively

C.Pursuitofrationalityis futile

D.Noneoftheabove

31.Thenatureofknowledgethatmostprobablyseemstobethe ambitoftheauthorintheabovepassagerelatestowhichofthe following?

A.Practicalknowledge

B.Transcendentalknowledge

C.Traditionalknowledge

D.Noneoftheabove

32.Whichofthefollowingis necessarilytruesadfollowsfromthe argumentdevelopedin thepassage?

A.Actionandconceptualizationaboutrealityisnecessarilysequential

B.Noconceptscanbespeculatedaboutwithoutaction

C.Establishmentof anyconceptcannotbedonethroughdiscussions alone

D.Noneoftheabove

33.Sense-makingasusedin thepassagereferstoskillsthatprimarily dependon:

A.Thefivehumansenses

BMemory

C.Skillsofcognition

D.Noneoftheabove

34.Adejavu isafeelingwhereeverythingseemsfamiliar,inorder. Behindit,however,isa tragedyforthe appearanceoforderisillusory. Ignoranceaboutthedisorderaswellasnon-experiencingofitbuilds theillusion.Suchacharacterizationof dejavu is—itsuseinthe passage.(Choosetheaptphrasetofillthegap)

A.Notinconsistentwith

B.Inconsistentwith

C.Necessarilyfollowsfrom

D.Similarto

35.Theuseofepisodeincosmologicalepisodein thepassagerefers

to:

A.Possibilityofrepetitionof theexperience

B.Disquietingnatureoftheexperience

C.Accumulativenatureoftheexperience

D.Noneoftheabove

Fillin the blanks

QUESTIONS36:PleasechoosethealternativethatCANNOTgointo thesentencein the blankspacetomakeacoherentsentence:

36.Thesaleofthehotelchainunder—resultedinextremelylowyield forthepromoter.

A.DURESSB.DISTRESSC.DISTRUSTD.Alltheabove

Questions37-38:Pleasechoosethecorrectalternativethatcango intothesentencein theblankspacetomakeacoherentsentence:

37.The—ofthecountryshouldtakeagreaterinterestinpromoting theindigenousworksthatarerootedinthedeeptraditionsof scholarshipacrosstheworld.

A.LITERATIB.LITERATEC.LITERATURED.LITERAL

38.——ofdifferentcategoriesofproblemsoftenleadstodesignof impropersolutionsthatfailtoaddressthecomplexitiesoftheproblem.

A.CONFABULATIONB.CONFLATIONC.CONFLICTD.CONFESSION

New Type of Questions

QUESTIONS39-40:arebasedonthefollowingdialoguebetweena Japanese(J)managerandanAmerican(A)manager.Basedonthe dialoguepleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.

J:WelcometoJapan!Weareatyourservice.MayIhavetheprivilege ofinvitingyoutoplayaroundofgolftogether?

A:Thatisexcellent!Golfhasbeenoneofmyfavorites.Someofmy mostmemorablemomentswereonthegolfcourse.Letusgo.Itwill beanicerelaxationformeaswell- itwouldtakeawaythejetlag, beforewesittodiscussthecontract.

J:Surely,thanksforgivingmetheprivilegetoplayhost.I willtake youto thebestgolfclubin thispartof theworld.

A:Is golfverycommonamongJapaneseexecutives?

J:Itdepends,youknow,onhowyoulookatit.Doesn'teverything reallydependlikethat–onhowwelookatit—evenconceptsof winningandloosing!

A.Thatsoundsinteresting. J:Is it!

A:Well,thereitgoes..Wah!

J:So,youhavewon~youarereallygoodatgolf. Whydon'twe-playanotherroundtomorrow.

A:Well..(longpause).0K.

S:so,youhavewonagain..tomorrowisagooddayforgolf-manyof mybusinessfriendswouldbehereandIwillintroduceyouto them.

A:But,whenwillwesitfordiscussingthecontract.

J:Well,ifyouwantwecansitrightaway,wecangodowntomy office.

A:ThatiswhatIthinkweshoulddo. J.Itis myprivilege.

39.Emotionsoftengetmanifestedasa'mentalstate'ofaspeaker.A

dialogueoftenrevealsthat.Basedonthedialogue.Whichofthe followingbestcharacterizestheemotionalstateoftheAmerican manager?

A.Reposed

B.Recalcitrant

C.Resplendent

D.Noneoftheabove

40.Thedialoguerevealsaswinginthe moodoftheAmerican managerfrom to .Whichofthefollowingpairsofwords (in thesameorder)bestcompletesthe sentencecoherently?

A.Rejuvenation,Desperation

B.Elation,Exasperation C.Relaxation,Tension D.Happiness,Fury

Analytical Reasoning -1

(Question41-45):

Seveninstructors- J,K,L,M,N,PandQ– teachmanagement coursesatapremierinstituteineastIndia.Eachinstructorteaches

duringexactlyoneterm:thefirstterm,thesecondterm,orthethird

term.Thefollowingconditionsapply:

Kteachesduringthethirdterm.

L andMteachduringthesameterm.

Q teachesduringeitherthefirsttermorthesecondterm.

Exactlytwiceasmanyinstructorsteachduringthethirdtermasteach duringthefirstterm.NandQ teachduringdifferentterms.

JandP teachduringdifferentterms.

41.Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbeanaccuratematchingof instructorsto terms?

A.M:thefirstterm;P:thesecondterm;Q:thefirstterm

B.J: thethirdterm;L:thethirdterm;P:thethirdterm

C.L:thefirstterm;N:thesecondterm;P:thethirdterm

D.J: thefirstterm;M:thethirdterm;N:thesecondterm

42.Whichoneofthefollowingcannotbetrue? A.L teachesduringthefirstterm

B.Mteachesduringthesecondterm

C.Mteachesduringthethirdterm

D.Nteachesduringthesecondterm

43.Ifexactlyoneinstructorteachesduringthesecondterm,which oneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

A.Jteachesduringthethirdterm

B.L teachesduringthefirstterm

C.Mteachesduringthethirdterm

D.P teachesduringthesecondterm

44.Eachofthefollowingcontainsalistofinstructorswhocanallteach duringthesametermEXCEPT:

A.J,K,M B.J,L,M

C.K,L,P

D.K,P,Q

45.Ifmoreinstructorsteachduringthe secondtermthanteachduring thefirstterm,thenwhichoneofthefollowinginstructorsmustteach duringthesecondterm?

A.J

B.M C.N D.P

Analytical Reasoning -2

(Questions46-50):

Sourav'sFishSalonservesaspecialFridaynightseafoodbanquet consistingofsevencourses-hilsa,pomfret,Indianshrimp,rahu, kingfish,lobster,andbhetki.Dinersarefreetoselecttheorderofthe

sevencourses,accordingto thefollowingconditions:

Thekingfishisservedsometimeafterrahu.Exactlyonecourseshould beservedbetweenthepomfretandthe Indianshrimp.

Thelobsterisservedsometimebeforethepomfret.

Thekingfishisservedeitherfifthorsixth.Thehilsaisservedsecond.

46.Whichoneofthefollowingsequenceswouldmakeforan acceptablebanquet?

A.rahu,hilsa,lobster,bhetki,pomfret,kingfish,Indianshrimp

B.rahu,hilsa,bhetki,pomfret,kingfish,Indianshrimp,lobster Clobster,hilsa,pomfret.rahu,kingfish,Indianshrimp,bhetki D.lobster,hilsa,rahu.kingfish.pomfret,bhetki,Indianshrimp

47.Ifkingfishis thefifthcourseserved,thenwhichoneofthe followingMUSTBEtrue?

A.Pomfretisthethirdcourseserved

B.Indianshrimpis thefourthcourseserved

C.Bhetkiistheseventhcourseserved

D.Lobsteristhefirstcourseserved

48.Whichoneofthefollowingwouldmakeitpossibletodeterminethe

EXACTorderingofthecourses?

A.Pomfretisthefourthcourseserved

B.Indianshrimpis thefifthcourseserved

C.Kingfishis thesixthcourseserved

D;Lobsteristhefirstcourseserved

49.Ifkingfishis thesixthcourseserved,thenwhichoneof the followingCANNOTbetrue?

A.Rahuisthefifthcourseserved

B.Indianshrimpis theseventhcourseserved

C.Pomfretis thefifthcourseserved

D.Lobsteristhethirdcourseserved

50.IfBhetkiis thethirdcourseserved,whichoneofthefollowing

MUSTBEtrue?

A.Pomfretisthefourthcourseserved

B.Kingfishis thefifthcourseserved

C.Rahuis thefirstcourseserved

D.Indianshrimpis theseventhcourseserved

Analytical Reasoning -3

(Questions51-56):

Duringoneweek,ahumanresourcedirectorconductsfiveinterviews foranewjob,oneinterviewperday,MondaythroughFriday.There

aresixcandidatesforthejob-Ram,Shyam,Trilochan,Usha,Veena,

andKishore.Nomorethantwocandidatesareinterviewedmorethan once.NeitherShyamnorUshanorVeenais interviewedmorethan once,andnoothercandidateis interviewedmorethantwice.The scheduleofinterviewsissubjectto the followingconditions:

IfTrilochanisinterviewed,thenTrilochanmustbeinterviewedonboth

MondayandFriday.

IfShyamis interviewed,thenUshais alsointerviewed,withShyam's interviewtakingplaceearlierthanUsha'sinterview.

IfRamis interviewedtwice,thenRam'ssecondinterviewtakesplace exactlytwodaysafterRam'sfirstinterview.

IfVeenais interviewed,thenKishoreisinterviewedtwice,withVeena's

interviewtakingplaceafterKishore'sfirstinterviewandbefore

Kishore'ssecondinterview.

IfUshaisinterviewed,thenRamisalsointerviewed,withUsha's interviewtakingplaceonadayeitherimmediatelybeforeor immediatelyafteradayonwhichRamisinterviewed.

51.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeacompleteandaccuratelistof candidatesthehumanresourcesdirectorinterviewsandthe dayson whichthoseinterviewstakeplace?

A.Monday:Shyam:Tuesday:Usha;Wednesday:Ram;Thursday: Kishore;Friday:

Ram;

B.Monday:Shyam;Tuesday:Kishore;Wednesday:Ram;Thursday: Kishore;Friday:Usha;

CMonday:Trilochan;Tuesday:Ram;Wednesday:Shyam;Thursday: Ram;Friday:Trilochan;

D.Monday:Trilochan;Tuesday:Ram;Wednesday:Kishore;Thursday:

Veena;Friday:Trilochan;

52.IfVeenaisinterviewedonTuesday,thenwhichoneofthe followingMUSTBEtrue?

A.Trilochanis interviewedonFriday

B.Ushais interviewedonThursday

C.Ramisnotinterviewed

D.Shyamis notinterviewed

53.IfKishoreisnotinterviewed,thenwhichoneofthefollowingMUST BEtrue?

A.Ramis interviewedonThursday

B.Shyamis interviewedonTuesday C.TrilochanisinterviewedonMonday D.Ushais interviewedonWednesday

54.IfShyamis interviewed,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbe true?

A.KishoreisinterviewedonbothTuesdayandWednesday

B.Ushais interviewedonMonday.C. Veenais interviewedonTuesdayD. Shyamis interviewedonThursday

55.IfneitherUshanorTrilochanis interviewed,theneachofthe followingMUSTBEtrueEXCEPT:

A.Ramis interviewedonMonday

B.RamisinterviwedonThursday

C.Veenais interviewedonTuesday

D.KishoreisinterviewedonWednesday

56.IfbothUshaandVeenaareinterviewed,thenwhichoneofthe followingisacompleteandaccuratelistofthedaysonwhichKishore couldbeinterviewed?

A.Monday,Friday

B.Tuesday,Thursday

C.Monday,Wednesday,Friday

D.Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday

PARAJUMBLE-Analysis

QUESTIONS7-9:Ineachofthefollowingquestions,choosethecorrect orderofstatements(A,B,C...)togiveacoherentmeaningto the

text?

Question7

StatementA:Suchinter-operabilityofasoftwareserviceorproduct appearstobeonlyoneaspect,andthe interoperablesystemis itself

evolving.

EAisthe link.

StatementB:Eachsoftwareproductintroducesavariationand consequentlyachangeinthesystem.

StatementC:Anoperatingsystemmustworkwithapplicationsand otherelementsinahardwareplatform.

StatementD:Asoftwarefirmwhileintroducingitsproductorservice, therefore,doesnotstriveformutecomplementaritiesalonebuttries tobringaboutachangein theexistingstructure.

cannotbetheopeningsentence

thewordthereforealsoindicatesconclusion.

StatementE:Inotherwordsthecomponentsmustbedesignedtobe

inter-operable.

A.BCDAE B.CEABD CDAEBC D.CBEAD

Question8

StatementA:Moreover,asarguedabove,knowledgeisentailed notbywayof justificationassuch.butbytherealizationof goodor

fruitladennessofmeaningandactionsor iteratedactions.

BAisthelink.Acannotbetheopeningsentence.

StatementB:Knowledgeisrequiredinordertoresolvedoubtsand thusinordertoactmeaningfully.

StatementC:Thereforetheactionsinacommonlyleddailylifeare bothmeaningfulandknowledge-driven.

StatementD:Indiantheoristsargueforacommonknowledge,which isobtainedthroughiteratedfruitfullactions,throughtheauthorityof sentences(orwords).

StatementE:Weargueforfoursourcesofvalidationofknowledge, viz.,sentence,inference,directperceptionandanalogy.

I amabitconfusedhereDECmightbealink.

A.AECBD BBAECD C.BDCEA D.EADCB

Question9

StatementA:ButPSThasalsousedsatellitepicturestosuggestthat anancientfortifiedtownhadexisted30KmfromJunagadh.

DAisthelink.

StatementB:Soilandvegetationpatternswereusedin thesearch. StatementC:Thesitemarchesthedescriptionof Krishna'stowninan

ancientscripture.

StatementD:PST'sprimaryjobatSpaceApplicationsCentrehas beentrackinglanduseandforestcoverwithsatelliteimages.

StatementE:Anarcheologisthowevercautionedthatremotesensing andscripturesby themselveswouldnotbeenoughto identifya township.

StatementF:Itwasclaimedthatsoilandvegetationpatternsat ancientabandonedsitesrevealspecificpatternsthatcanbepickedby satelliteimages.

BFisthelink

A.DACBEF B.DACBFE C.FDCABE D.FDACBE

Analytical Reasoning -4

(Questions57to61);Analyzethefollowingstatementsandgivean appropriateanswer.

K.C.Dasispreparingspecialpujasweetpackages.Differentsweet packagesarenumbered1 through5fromlefttoright,andK.C.Dasis

fillingthemwithdifferentsweets.Eachpackagewillcontainatleast

one,butnotmorethantwoofthefollowingtypesofsweets: Gulabjamun,Kajubarfi,Petha,Rasgulla,Sohanhalwa,andCham cham.Eachtypeof sweetwillbeplacedinatleastonesweetpackage. Thesesweetswillbepackedeitherin abucket,oracartonoratin. K.C. Dasfillsthepackagesaccordingtothefollowingconditions:

AtleasttwopackagesmustcontainRasgulla.Exactlytwopackages mustcontainKajubarfi,andthesepackagescannotbeadjacentto each-other.

BothpackagesthatcontainKajubarfimustbeto theleftofany packagesthatcontainGutabjamun.

Package2,3,and4cannotcontainSohanhalwa:

AnypackagethatcontainsRasgullamustbepackedinacarton. Anypackagethatcontains,Kajubarfimustbepackedinabucket. Package2 is packedinacarton.

57.WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue? A.Package1-is packedinatin.

B.Package2containsChamcham. C.Package3 is packedinatin.

D.Package4containsKajubarfi.

58.Ifapackagecontainingsweetsandpackedinatin isnotadjacent toapackagepackedinabucket,thenwhichoneofthefollowing MUSTbetrue?

A.PackageIcontainsPetha

B.Package4containsKajubarfi. C.Package4containsRasgulla.

D.Package5containsGulabjamun.

59.IfRasgullaarecontainedin themaximumnumberofpackages, whichoneoftheFOLLOWINGmustbetroe?

A.Packagedispackedinabucket. B.Package4 is packedinabucket.

CApackagecontainingSohanhalwais packedinabucket.

D.ApackagecontainingGulabjamunis packedin acarton.

60.Ifpackage4containsPethaandChamcham,whichoneofthe followingpairsofsweetsmustbecontainedinthesamepackageas eachother?

A,KajubarfiandSohanhalwa. B.GulabjamunandPetha.

C.RasgullaandChamcham.

D.Gulabjamunand Sohanhalwa.

61.Ifpackage3 is packedin atin,whichoneoftheFOLLOWING

COULDbefalse?

A.Package1containsSohanhalwa. B.Package2containsRasgulla.

C.Package3containsChamcham. D.Package4 ispackedinabucket

Analytical Reasoning -5

Questions62-65arebasedonthefollowing:

SevenpersonsA,B,C,D,E,FandGcontestedinagameshowthat hadtotalprizemoneyofRsl4lakhs.Everycontestantwonsomeprize

moneyandthehighestprizemoneywasRs.3.5lakhs.Notwo

contestantswonthe sameamountofprizemoney.Forevery contestantthedifferencewiththenexthighestandthenextlowest winneristhesamewonRs.21akhs

BwonmoremoneythanA

ThedifferenceofprizemoneybetweenBandAwas theminimum.ThedifferenceofprizemoneybetweenDandFwasnotthe least.Therewas atleastonepersonwhoseprizemoneywasbetweenthatofEand G

62.Whichofthefollowingis aproperlistofpersonsin increasing orderofprizemoneywon?

A.G,C,F,B,E,D,A B.D,F,C,E,A,B,G

C.F,C,D,E,A,B,G

D.A,B,G,C,F,E,D

63.IfDwonmorethanE, andBandGtogetherwonRs3.5lakhs, whichof thefollowingMUSTbetrue?

A.DwonRs3.5lakhs

B.AwonRs1.5lakhs C.BwonRs1.5lakhs D.CwonRs50,000

64.IfthedifferenceofprizemoneybetweenAandCis the minimum, whichof thefollowingpairsMUSTNOThavewonprizemoneythat differsby theminimalamount?

A.BandE B.CandG

C.DandG

D.AandE

65.IfthetotalmoneywonbyAandD isequaltothatofG,andthe

differencebetweenEandDisatleast1 lakh,thenwhichofthe followingMUSTbeTRUE?

A.AandB togetherwonRs.3 lakhs

B.BandFtogetherwonRs.3.5lakhs

C.CandE togetherwonRs.3 lakhs

D.BandctogetherwonRs.3.5lakhs