Published by HobsonsBay City Council
October 2009
Williamstown Neighbourhood
Data Profile
A.Population Characteristics
Population Numbers
The Williamstown neighbourhood had just under 10,200 residents, at the 2006 Census. This represented an estimated increase of 475 residents (almost five per cent) since the last Census in 2001. This rate of growth is above the HobsonsBay rate of 0.7 per cent. Williamstown residents make up around 13 per cent of the municipality’s total population.
Table 1 provides a breakdown of the age structures in Williamstown and highlights changes that occurred in the five years to 2006. There was an increase of 250 children and young people aged under 18 years. There were also increases in groups aged between 35 and 69 years, particularly those in their 50s and 60s.
Groups where there was a decline in numbers included young adults aged between 18 and 24 years and those in the family formation age range (25-34 years). These groups had a combined loss of 223 people. Among those aged 70 years and over, there was a decrease of 70 people.
Table 1: Population numbersGraph 1: Population 2001-2006
Years of age / 2006 / 2001 / Change2001-2006
0 to 4 / 676 / 648 / 28
5 to 11 / 922 / 859 / 63
12 to 17 / 748 / 589 / 159
18 to 24 / 640 / 692 / -52
25 to 34 / 1,152 / 1,323 / -171
35 to 49 / 2,733 / 2,626 / 107
50 to 59 / 1,463 / 1,228 / 235
60 to 69 / 804 / 629 / 175
70 to 84 / 813 / 880 / -67
85 & over / 218 / 221 / -3
Total / 10,169 / 9,694 / 475
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
The graph below compares the age structure of Williamstown residents with those from HobsonsBay. It shows the proportions of children and young people were similar up until age 17 years. Thereafter, the proportion of 18-34 year olds in Williamstown declined in comparison to the HobsonsBay figures.
The proportion of Williamstown residents aged between 35-60 years was slightly above the HobsonsBay rate while the proportions of older residents were quite similar.
Graph 2: Age structures in Williamstown and HobsonsBay
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Family types
There were just under 2,700 families living in Williamstown in 2006. This represents 114 additional families since 2001. Approximately 64 per cent of all families had children, which is on a par with the HobsonsBay figure.
Between 2001 and 2006, families with children aged 15 years and under accounted for the largest increase (around 100 extra families) in the overall number of families. There were also an additional 30 single parent families.
Williamstown had a slightly higher rate of families with children up to 15 years of age compared to HobsonsBay (42.7 per cent and 39.9 per cent respectively) and a lower rate of families with older children (13.6 per cent and 15.3 per cent respectively). Williamstown also had a lower proportion of sole parent families compared to HobsonsBay.
Table 2: Family structure
2006 / 2001Number / % / HobsonsBay % / Number / % / HobsonsBay % / Change 2001-2006
Couples with child/ren
15 years and under / 943 / 35.1 / 31.4 / 845 / 32.8 / 33.1 / 98
Couples with child/ren
over 15 years / 365 / 13.6 / 15.3 / 377 / 14.6 / 15.8 / -12
Total couples with child/ren / 1,308 / 48.6 / 46.7 / 1,222 / 47.4 / 48.9 / 87
One parent families with child/ren 15 years and under / 206 / 7.6 / 8.5 / 178 / 6.9 / 8.3 / 28
One parent families with child/ren over 15 years / 196 / 7.3 / 8.9 / 192 / 7.5 / 7.5 / 4
Total one parent families / 402 / 14.9 / 17.4 / 370 / 14.4 / 15.8 / 31
Couples without child(ren) / 939 / 34.9 / 34 / 931 / 36.1 / 33.5 / 7
Other families / 41 / 1.5 / 1.8 / 53 / 2.0 / 1.8 / -12
Total families / 2,690 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 2,576 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 114
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Enumerated data)
Household types
Between the 2001 and 2006 Census, there were some small changes in the type of households in Williamstown. Almost two thirds of all households consisted ofone family, 100 more one family households than at the 2001 Census.
Lone person households made up just under 30 percent of all Williamstown households in 2006. This was close to 70 fewer than in 2001.
Compared to HobsonsBay, Williamstown had lower rates of one family or more households while the rate of lone person households was higher.
Table 3: Household types
2006 / 2001Number / % / HobsonsBay % / Number / % / HobsonsBay % / Change 2001-2006
One family households / 2,652 / 64.8 / 67.1 / 2,553 / 62.7 / 68.7 / 100
Two or more family households / 9 / 0.2 / 1.3 / 19 / 0.5 / 1.3 / -10
Total family households / 2,661 / 65.0 / 68.4 / 2,572 / 63.1 / 69.9 / 90
Lone person households / 1,172 / 28.6 / 24.6 / 1,239 / 30.4 / 23.6 / -67
Group households / 124 / 3.0 / 3.2 / 141 / 3.4 / 2.9 / -16
Other not classifiable households / 134 / 3.3 / 3.8 / 122 / 3.0 / 3.5 / 13
Total households / 4,092 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 4,073 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 19
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Enumerated data)
Overseas born residents
Almost 2,000 Williamstown residents were born overseas and approximately 70 per cent arrived in Australia before 1991. The overall rate of overseas born residents living in Williamstown (19.6 per cent) was much lower than the HobsonsBay rate (29.1 per cent). However, the proportion of Williamstown residents who were overseas born and who migrated after 2000 was approximately three percent above the Hobsons figure.
Table 4: Year of arrival in Australia
Number / % / HobsonsBay %2006 / 32 / 1.6 / 2.1
2005 / 99 / 5.0 / 3.1
2004 / 50 / 2.5 / 3.0
2003 / 44 / 2.2 / 2.3
2002 / 50 / 2.5 / 1.7
2001 / 55 / 2.8 / 1.8
1996 to 2000 / 140 / 7.1 / 8.0
1995 to 1991 / 113 / 5.7 / 6.0
Before 1991 / 1,322 / 66.9 / 67.2
Year not stated / 71 / 3.6 / 4.8
Total / 1,976 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
The main countries of birth for people living in the Williamstown neighbourhood are highlighted in Table 5. The largest group of overseas born residents was from the United Kingdom. The proportion of UK born people residents was slightly above the municipal figure at the 2006 Census (6.4 per cent for Williamstown and 4.7 per cent for HobsonsBay).
The three other main countries of birth included New Zealand, Italy and Greece. For HobsonsBay, they were Italy, New Zealand and Malta.
Table 5: Main countries of birth
Williamstown2006 / 2001
number / % / HobsonsBay % / number / % / HobsonsBay % / Change 2001-2006
United Kingdom / 646 / 6.4 / 4.7 / 618 / 6.3 / 5.1 / 28
New Zealand / 169 / 1.7 / 1.9 / 170 / 1.7 / 1.8 / -1
Italy / 119 / 1.2 / 2.3 / 130 / 1.3 / 2.6 / -12
Greece / 90 / 0.9 / 1.6 / 76 / 0.8 / 1.6 / 14
Croatia / 63 / 0.6 / 0.8 / 60 / 0.6 / 0.9 / 3
Malta / 52 / 0.5 / 1.8 / 42 / 0.4 / 2.1 / 10
Germany / 46 / 0.5 / 0.6 / 43 / 0.4 / 0.7 / 4
Lebanon / 44 / 0.4 / 1.2 / 17 / 0.2 / 1.2 / 27
Ireland / 39 / 0.4 / 0.3 / 35 / 0.4 / 0.3 / 3
China / 37 / 0.4 / 0.7 / 24 / 0.2 / 0.5 / 13
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Just over one in every ten of Williamstown’s overseas born residents had a non-English speaking background. This was low compared to HobsonsBay as a whole, where around one in five was from non-English speaking backgrounds.
Table 6: Non-English speaking background
number / % / HobsonsBay% / Change 2001 to 2006Non-English speaking background / 1,055 / 10.4 / 21.5 / 108
Main English speaking countries / 937 / 9.2 / 7.6 / 42
Total Overseas Born / 1,992 / 19.6 / 29.1 / 150
Australian / 7,547 / 74.2 / 63.7 / 68
Not stated / 631 / 6.2 / 7.2 / 154
Total / 10,170 / 100 / 100 / 372
Source ABS: 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
At the 2006 Census, Williamstown had a high proportion of residents who spoke English only, relative to the HobsonsBay figure (62.4 per cent and 37.5 per cent respectively). As a result, Williamstown had a lower proportion of residents who spoke languages other than English.
Table 7: Proficiency in English (overseas born persons aged 5 years and over)
number / % / HobsonsBay %Speaks English only / 1,237 / 62.4 / 37.5
Speaks another language and English not well or not at all / 133 / 6.7 / 14.8
Speaks another language and English well or very well / 606 / 30.6 / 46.8
Speaks another language and English - proficiency not stated / 3 / 0.2 / 0.6
Not stated / 3 / 0.2 / 0.3
Total / 1,983 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
People with disabilities
The number of people in Australia who have a disability is based on the findings of the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
In partnership with the ABS, the National Disability Administrator (NDA) uses these findings to produce disability estimates for local government areas. The most recent survey was in 2003 and the findings suggest that approximately 18.6% of the HobsonsBay population had a disability (and were living in a private dwelling). Using this method, there are estimated to be almost 1,900 people with a disability, living in Williamstown.
The 2006 Census included a disability related question on whether help or supervision was required with one or more of the core activities of self-care, communication and mobility. The results do not reflect the true extent of disability in the community, given not all people with disabilities require assistance. That said, the Census findings were that 388 (3.8 per cent) of Williamstown residents indicated they needed help with a core activity, slightly below the rate for HobsonsBay (4.4 per cent).
Not surprisingly, it is among the neighbourhood’s elderly residents where the need for assistance was greatest, a trend that is reflected across the municipality. Of those requiring help, half (193) were aged 75 years and over.
Table 8: Core activity need for assistance
number / % / HobsonsBay %0 to 4 years / 6 / 0.1 / 0.1
5 to 14 years / 14 / 0.1 / 0.2
15 to 19 years / 6 / 0.1 / 0.1
20 to 24 years / 7 / 0.1 / 0.1
25 to 34 years / 9 / 0.1 / 0.1
35 to 44 years / 21 / 0.2 / 0.3
45 to 54 years / 33 / 0.3 / 0.4
55 to 64 years / 47 / 0.5 / 0.6
65 to 74 years / 51 / 0.5 / 0.7
75 to 84 years / 114 / 1.1 / 1.2
85 years and over / 79 / 0.8 / 0.7
Total needing assistance / 388 / 3.8 / 4.4
No need for assistance / 9,231 / 90.8 / 89.4
Not stated / 543 / 5.3 / 6.2
Total / 10,162 / 100 / 100
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Participation in education
Just over 23 per cent (2,376) of people in Williamstown were enrolled in education at the 2006 Census, only slightly higher HobsonsBay rate of 21.5 per cent.
The proportion of Williamstown’s population enrolled in pre-school (2.1 per cent) was slightly higher than the municipal rate (1.6 per cent). Approximately 15 per cent of the population was enrolled in either primary or secondary schools, similar to the HobsonsBay rate (14 per cent).
Looking back to other results of the 2001 Census, the proportion of the population enrolled in pre school and secondary school had increased marginally in 2006.
When compared with HobsonsBay, Williamstown had slightly higher rates of enrolments in post secondary education, except for TAFE. While the neighbourhood had a higher proportion of residents attending university (4.1 per cent compared to 3.2 per cent for HobsonsBay), this was down slightly on 2001 Census figure of 4.9 per cent. A likely factor is the declining population of 18-24 years olds in Williamstown (refer Table 1), the group most likely to be enrolled in tertiary education.
Table 9: Attendance at an educational institution
2006 / 2001number / % / HobsonsBay % / number / % / HobsonsBay %
PreSchool / 218 / 2.1 / 1.6 / 172 / 1.8 / 1.4
Primary School / 821 / 8.1 / 7.8 / 798 / 8.2 / 8.5
Secondary School / 664 / 6.5 / 6.2 / 554 / 5.7 / 6.1
TAFE / 155 / 1.5 / 1.7 / 153 / 1.6 / 2
University / 420 / 4.1 / 3.2 / 482 / 4.9 / 3.3
Other / 98 / 1.0 / 0.9 / 77 / 0.8 / 0.9
Not Attending / 7,055 / 69.4 / 70.2 / 7,121 / 72.9 / 72.4
Not Stated / 738 / 7.3 / 8.3 / 419 / 4.3 / 5.2
Total / 10,169 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 9,774 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Compared to the HobsonsBay population, Williamstown residents were more likely to have completed Year 12. Almost 55 per cent of those aged 15 years and over had completed secondary school or a Year 12 equivalent, compared to the municipal figure of 42.6 per cent. As a result, Williamstown residents were much less likely to have left school early. Around 1 in 4 people left school on completion of Year 10 or before, compared to the municipal figure of one in three.
Table 10: Highest level of schooling completed(persons aged 15 years and over)
number / % / HobsonsBay %Year 8 or below / 547 / 6.7 / 10.2
Year 9 or equivalent / 428 / 5.3 / 7.1
Year 10 or equivalent / 972 / 12.0 / 15.1
Year 11 or equivalent / 946 / 11.6 / 13.1
Year 12 or equivalent / 4,460 / 54.9 / 42.6
Did not go to school / 58 / 0.7 / 1.8
Not Stated / 718 / 8.8 / 10.2
Total / 8,129 / 100 / 100
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Internet connected
The proportion of households in Williamstown who were connected to the internet was well above the municipal rate. Almost 64 per cent of Williamstown households had internet access, mainly to broadband, well above the HobsonsBay figure of 55.7 per cent.
As a result, the rate of households without an internet connection was about six per cent lower than the overall rate for HobsonsBay (30.5 per cent and 36.9 per cent respectively).
Table 11: Type of internet connection in households
number / % / HobsonsBay %Broadband connection / 1,863 / 44.9 / 37.9
Dial-up connection / 762 / 18.4 / 17.2
Other connection / 18 / 0.4 / 0.6
Total internet connections / 2,643 / 63.6 / 55.7
No internet connection / 1,268 / 30.5 / 36.9
Internet connection not stated / 242 / 5.8 / 7.3
Total households / 4,153 / 100 / 100
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Enumerated data)
B.Labour Force Characteristics
Labour force participation
According to the 2006 Census, around two thirds (5,223) of Williamstown’s residents aged 15 years and over were in the labour force.(This means they were either employed or unemployed and looking for work.) Williamstown’s labour force participation rate (64.2 per cent)was above theHobsonsBay figure (59.1 per cent). A contributing factor was that Williamstown had a larger proportion of residents in the 35-59 age range.
Of those in the labour force, just over 96 per cent were employed - 62 per cent (3,240) worked full time and 32.4 per cent (1,693) worked part time. Compared to HobsonsBay, the proportion of part time workers was close to four per cent higher.
Looking at unemployment, Williamstown’s rate of 3.6 per cent was below the HobsonsBay figure (5.9 per cent). Williamstown also had a lower proportion of residents who were not in the labour force.
Table 12: Labour force status (persons aged 15 years and over)
2006 / 2001number / % / HobsonsBay % / number / % / HobsonsBay % / Change 2001 to 2006
Employed full time / 3,240 / 62.0 / 62.8 / 3,259 / 63.7 / 62.7 / -20
Employed part time / 1,693 / 32.4 / 28.6 / 1,454 / 28.4 / 26.4 / 239
Employed not stated / 100 / 1.9 / 2.8 / 155 / 3.0 / 3.1 / -55
Total employed / 5,033 / 96.4 / 94.1 / 4,868 / 95.2 / 92.2 / 165
Total unemployed / 190 / 3.6 / 5.9 / 248 / 4.8 / 7.8 / -58
Total labour force / 5,223 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 5,116 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 107
Total in labour force / 5,223 / 64.2 / 59.1 / 5,116 / 63.9 / 58.9 / 107
Total not in labour force / 2,456 / 30.2 / 34.7 / 2,577 / 32.2 / 36.4 / -121
Not stated / 451 / 5.5 / 6.2 / 310 / 3.9 / 4.6 / 141
Total / 8,130 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 8,002 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 127
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Employment sector
The top three industries where Williamstown’s residents were employed in 2006 included:
- Education and Training (11.6 per cent)
- Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (11.6 per cent)
- Health Care and Social Assistance (10.4 per cent)
These industries employed one third of the Williamstown’s working population. The same industries employed 23.1 per cent of HobsonsBay’s workers.
The industries that were the largest employers of HobsonsBay’s workers were manufacturing (14 per cent), retail trade (9.9 per cent) and health care and social assistance (8.7 per cent). They employed a total of 32.6 per cent of HobsonsBay’s workers compared to 28 per cent of Williamstown’s workers.
Table 13: Employment by Industry
number / % / HobsonsBay %Education and Training / 585 / 11.6 / 7.0
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services / 584 / 11.6 / 7.4
Health Care and Social Assistance / 521 / 10.4 / 8.7
Manufacturing / 460 / 9.1 / 14.0
Retail Trade / 427 / 8.5 / 9.9
Public Administration and Safety / 319 / 6.3 / 6.4
Construction / 303 / 6.0 / 6.7
Accommodation and Food Services / 264 / 5.2 / 5.4
Transport, Postal and Warehousing / 243 / 4.8 / 7.8
Wholesale Trade / 240 / 4.8 / 5.1
Financial and Insurance Services / 239 / 4.8 / 4.6
Information Media and Telecommunications / 176 / 3.5 / 2.6
Administrative and Support Services / 152 / 3 / 3.9
Other Services / 127 / 2.5 / 3.3
Arts and Recreation Services / 126 / 2.5 / 1.9
Inadequately described / Not stated / 122 / 2.4 / 2.8
Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services / 103 / 2.1 / 1.5
Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services / 23 / 0.4 / 0.7
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing / 10 / 0.2 / 0.2
Mining / 7 / 0.1 / 0.2
Total / 5,029 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Occupations
As previously mentioned, there were just over 5,200 residents of the Williamstown neighbourhood who were employed in 2006. The three main occupations employed two thirds of all working residents. These occupations included:
- Professionals (33.7 per cent)
- Managers (18.5 per cent)
- Clerical and Administrative Workers (15.1 per cent)
Compared to HobsonsBay as a whole, Williamstown had significantly higher rates of professionals and managers and lower rates of technicians and trades workers, labourers and machinery operators and drivers.
Table 14: Occupation of employed persons
number / % / HobsonsBay %Professionals / 1,695 / 33.7 / 20.2
Managers / 931 / 18.5 / 11.8
Clerical and Administrative Workers / 760 / 15.1 / 16.8
Technicians and Trades Workers / 474 / 9.4 / 14.1
Sales Workers / 423 / 8.4 / 9.1
Community and Personal Service Workers / 362 / 7.2 / 7.9
Labourers / 192 / 3.8 / 9.6
Machinery Operators And Drivers / 119 / 2.4 / 8.4
Inadequately described or Not stated / 72 / 1.4 / 2.1
Total / 5,029 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Unpaid work & volunteering
A new question included in the 2006 Census acknowledged the significant contribution of voluntary and unpaid work to the economy and the community. The question addressed unpaid work and caring for an aged person or a person with a disability.
The data in Table 15 provides estimates on the providers of unpaid care and indicates that 942 people, or 11.6 per cent of Williamstown’s population aged 15 years and over, provided assistance. This was only marginally higher than the rate for HobsonsBay (10.2 per cent).
It should be noted, a reasonably high proportion of people (8.5 per cent) did not respond to this Census question.
Table 15: Unpaid assistance to a person with a disability, long term illness or old age
(carers aged 15 years and over)
number / % / HobsonsBay%Provided unpaid care / 942 / 11.6 / 10.2
No unpaid care provided / 6,492 / 79.9 / 79.9
Not stated / 694 / 8.5 / 9.9
Total / 8,128 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
The 2006 Census asked whether any voluntary work with an organisation or group was undertaken in the last 12 months. The wording of this question may have produced an undercount as it excludes those who volunteer informally or don’t recognise the assistance they provide as volunteering.
There were 1,742 people who indicated they had volunteered in the last 12 months. The Williamstown volunteer rate of 21.4 per cent was well above the HobsonsBay rate of 14.1 per cent.
Table 16: Volunteering for an organisation or group
2006number / % / HobsonsBay %
Volunteer / 1,742 / 21.4 / 14.1
Not a volunteer / 5,714 / 70.3 / 76.4
Volunteer work not stated / 675 / 8.3 / 9.5
Total / 8,131 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
C. Financial Wellbeing
Income
According to monthly data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, at August 20061 (the point at which the 2006 Census was collected), the average weekly income in Victoria was $815.40. Census data in the table below shows that 4,324 Williamstown residents (aged 15 years and over) had gross weekly incomes below $800. This represents just over half the Williamstown population in this age group (53.2 per cent), lower than the HobsonsBay figure of 64.3 per cent.
Looking at the rate of individuals with very low incomes (below $250 per week), Williamstown’s figure of 23.7 per cent was well below the municipal rate of 30 per cent. At the other end of the income scale, 14.1 per cent of Williamstown’s residents earned $1,600 or more per week, compared to 5.3 per cent of the HobsonsBay population.
Table 17: Gross weekly individual income (persons aged 15 years and over)
number / % / HobsonsBay%negative/nil income / 517 / 6.4 / 7.7
$1 to $149 / 495 / 6.1 / 7.0
$150 to $249 / 911 / 11.2 / 15.3
$250 to $399 / 848 / 10.4 / 11.7
$400 to $599 / 802 / 9.9 / 12.3
$600 to $799 / 751 / 9.2 / 10.3
$800 to $999 / 677 / 8.3 / 8.5
$1,000 to $1,299 / 777 / 9.6 / 8.1
$1,300 to $1,599 / 534 / 6.6 / 4.2
$1,600 to $1,999 / 431 / 5.3 / 2.7
$2,000 or more / 718 / 8.8 / 3.3
not stated / 672 / 8.3 / 9.0
Total / 8,132 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Usual residence data)
Income quartiles
Due to the influences of economic change such as wage level fluctuations and inflation, individual income groups are not comparable over time. However, using income quartiles allows a comparison of relative income-earning capacities. (These are calculated from the Melbourne Statistical Division (MSD) individual income data.)
A comparison of the 2001 and 2006 Census data shows that the proportion of Williamstown residents in each of the quartiles was reasonably steady. Table 18 shows that in 2001 and 2006slightly more than 40 per cent of Williamstown residents had gross annual incomes in either the lowest or medium lowest quartiles. This was around 10 per cent below the rate for the HobsonsBay population (51.3 per cent) and was consistent with the 2001 results. On the other hand, the proportion of Williamstown residents with gross weekly incomes in the highest quartile was well above the HobsonsBay figure (36.5 per cent and 24.3 per cent respectively) and again this was consistent with 2001.
Table 18: Gross individual income quartiles (annual)
2006 / 2001% / HobsonsBay% / % / HobsonsBay%
Lowest group / 20.4 / 25.3 / 20.1 / 25.9
Medium lowest / 21.7 / 26.0 / 23.0 / 25.8
Medium highest / 21.4 / 24.3 / 20.7 / 24.9
Highest group / 36.5 / 24.3 / 36.2 / 23.3
Total / 100.0 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 100.0
Source: ABS 2006 Census (Enumerated data)
Household incomes
There were noticeable differences in the weekly incomes of Williamstown’s households at the 2006 Census, compared to those across the municipality. The main exception was among very low income households, where the proportion of households with weekly incomes below $350 was similar for both Williamstown and HobsonsBay.