Economy and Development in Québec Today

Economy and development

Economy and development in Québec today

1. Québec’s main natural resources

• Water
• Forests
• Ore

1. Quebec’s main imports

• Fossil Fuels
• Automobiles

1. Québec’s main exports

• Aluminium
• airplanes

1. Areas in which Québec has internationally recognized expertise

• Aeronautics
• Damconstruction
• performing arts

1. Matters on which Québec has entered into economic partnerships with other states

• recognition of professional qualifications with France
• labour mobility and the recognition ofprofessional qualifications in the construction industry with Ontario

A. First occupants - around 1500

1. Trade networks

1. Characteristics of trade networks
2. economic activities practiced by Native peoples
3. hunting,
4. fishing,
5. gathering,
6. agriculture
7. products traded between Native groups

• shells and stones used as tools and weapons,
• corn
• Native trade networks
• the trade networks spanned the continent and were based onbarter
• there were many intermediaries and most transportation was by water
• helped form alliances between Native groups

1. Effects of economic activities on the organization of the society and the territory
2. effects of economic activities of Native groups on the organization of their society
3. the practice of hunting led the Maliseet to adopt a nomadic lifestyle and a patriarchal structure
4. the practice of farming led the Huron to adopt a sedentary lifestyle and a matriarchalstructure
5. effects of economic activities of Native groups on the organization of their territory
6. the practice of hunting led the Maliseet to set up temporary camps on their hunting grounds
7. the practice of farming led the Huron to set out fields around their villages

2European fishing grounds

2.1Fishing

• First economic activity that brought Europeans to the shores of North America
• First contacts
• the context for the first meetings between European fishers and Amerindians
• fishersdrying cod on the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence met Amerindian hunters
• products that the Amerindians obtained from European fishers in exchange for furs
• knives,
• pots,
• glass
• effects of contacts with European fishers on Amerindian society and territory
• increased harvesting of fur-bearing animals to trade with the European fishers;
• circulation ofEuropean products through Amerindian trade networks

B. French regime: 1608 – 1760

1Organization of the economy in New France

1.1Economic policy

1. Mercantilism

• economic policy designed to enrich the mother country
• methods used by the mother country to enrich itself

• accumulation of precious metals,
• exploitation of its colonies’ resources
• the role played by the colony under France’s mercantilist policy

• export raw materials tothe mother country
• purchase manufactured goods from the mother country
• Triangular trade
• Territories forming the legs of the triangular trade

• France,
• New France,
• the FrenchWest Indies
• Products in circulation thanks to the triangular trade and their origin

• fur and fishfrom New France,
• rum from the French West Indies,
• manufactured goods from France

2Economy based on fur

2.1Organization

1. roles of various agents in the fur trade

• Amerindians who hunted animals andprocessed pelts,
• coureurs des bois who brought furs to a trading post
• the importance of fur in trade with France in the mid-18th century

• fur was the mainexport product
• Effects on the organization of the society and of the territory
• effects of the fur trade on Amerindian groups

• alliances between the French and theHuron,
• use of European goods by Amerindians
• effects of the fur trade on the society and the territory

• slow settlement,
• establishment oftrading posts,
• territorial expansion
• effects of the fur trade on relations between New France and the Anglo-Americancolonies:

• commercial rivalry,
• wars

3Agriculture

3.1Organization

1. the economic activity in which most inhabitants of New France were involved

• agriculture
• the markets where most agricultural surpluses were sent:
• local market,
• cities,
• France
• Effects on the organization of the territory

• increase in the area ofcultivated land,
• construction of mills,
• establishment of public markets

4Attempts at economic diversification

4.1Measures taken by the state

1. measures taken by Intendant Talon to diversify the colony’s economy

• encouragementto cultivate flax, hemp and hops, and to raise livestock
• measures introduced by intendantsBégon and Hocquart to diversify the colony’seconomy:
• support for iron ore mining in the Mauricie,
• establishment of the king’s naval shipyard inQuébecCity
• Obstacles to economic diversification
• obstacles to the diversification of the economy in New France

• economy based on thefur trade,
• lack of capital,
• scarcity of specialized labour
• factor explaining the lack of economic diversification in New France:

• mercantilism

C. British rule 1760 - 1867

1Economy based on fur

1.1Organization

1. the main fur-trading companies
2. Hudson’s Bay Company,
3. Northwest Company
4. effects of the transfer of the fur trade to British companies
5. arrival of Britishmerchants,
6. hiring of Canadiensas voyageurs for the Northwest Company
7. economic effects of the expansion of the fur trade to the northwest
8. founding of theNorthwest Company,
9. establishment of trading posts,
10. exhaustion of the resource
11. main territories for the supply and trade of fur
12. Hudson Bay region,
13. Great Lakes region

1. Decline of the fur trade
2. factors that contributed to the decline of the fur trade in the early 19th century
3. increasingly remote trading territories,
4. increased operating costs
5. effects of the decline of the fur trade on the economy of the colony in the early 19thcentury
6. takeover of the Northwest Company by the Hudson’s Bay Company;
7. replacement ofMontréal by Hudson Bay as the main place of export

2Economy based on timber

2.1Organization

1. the importance of the timber trade for the economy of Lower Canada around 1810
2. timber replaced furs as the main export product
3. the source of capital
4. Great Britain
5. the composition of the workforce
6. mostly French Canadians and Irish immigrants
7. trades related to the economy based on timber
8. lumberjack,
9. log driver,
10. sawyer
11. products and their target market
12. large squared pine or oak beams,
13. staves andconstruction lumber;
14. Great Britain

1. Factors in the development of the timber trade in the early 19th century
2. factors that contributed to the development of the timber trade in the colony in the early19th century
3. continental blockade by Napoleon,
4. construction of warships,
5. establishment ofpreferential tariffs by Great Britain
6. measures taken by merchants to facilitate financial operations and access to capital
7. founding of banks,
8. issue of paper money by banks
9. Effect of the development of the timber trade
10. effects of the development of the timber trade on social groups in Lower Canada:
11. increase in the number of workers and artisans,
12. increased influence of the business class
13. regions of colonization that developed with the timber trade
14. Mauricie,
15. Saguenay
16. effects of the development of the timber trade on the population in the first half of the19th century:
17. some workers migrated to regions newly opened up to forestry;
18. forestry workprovided farmers with extra income

3Agriculture

3.1Crops and markets

1. agricultural crops in Lower Canada in the early 19th century
2. wheat,
3. oats,
4. potatoes

1. Decline of wheat production in Lower Canada
2. problems related to agriculture in Lower Canada in the 1830s
3. overpopulation onagricultural land,
4. soil exhaustion in the seigneurial zone
5. solutions chosen by farmers facing difficulty
6. settling in new colonization regions,
7. movingto cities or emigrating to the United States

4Effects of economic activity on transportation development

1. transportation infrastructure established in the first half of the 19th century
2. canals,
3. railways
4. advantages generated by transportation infrastructure
5. quick travel,
6. increase in thevolume of freight transported

5Economic policies

5.1Protectionism

1. Define protectionism:
2. policy designed to protect national economy against foreign competition
3. effects of the protectionism adopted by Great Britain on the economy of the colony
4. increase in timber exports to Great Britain,
5. increase in port activities

1. Free trade
2. Define free trade
3. free circulation of merchandise,
4. no customs barriers to trade
5. effects of the establishment of free trade by Great Britain on the colony’s economy
6. reduced exports to Great Britain,
7. a search for new markets

D. Contemporary period 1867 to the present

1. Exploitation of resources and opening of new regions
2. Resources and regions
3. resources exploited in the first phase of industrialization

• timber,
• leather,
• dairy,
• tobacco

1. natural resources exploited during the second phase of industrialization
2. copper,
3. silver,
4. gold,
5. zinc,
6. asbestos,
7. water

1. natural resources exploited in the Abitibi, Côte-Nord and Gaspésie regions
2. iron andtitanium in the Côte-Nord region,
3. copper and wood in the Abitibi and Gaspésie regions
4. effects of natural resource exploitation on the organization of the territory
5. development of regions,
6. railway construction,
7. harbour development

1. Agriculture
2. the main changes to agriculture in the late 19th century
3. improved productiontechniques,
4. development of the dairy industry
5. the main change to agriculture in the early 20th century
6. use of farm machinery
7. changes that occurred in agriculture between 1945 and 1960
8. rural electrification,
9. creation of agricultural cooperatives
10. changes that occurred in the agricultural industry between 1960 and 1980
11. reduction in number of farms,
12. introduction of production quotas,
13. use of fertilizers andpesticides
14. changes that occurred in the agricultural industry after 1980
15. improved access tointernational markets,
16. focus on organic production,
17. reduction in the area of land under cultivation

2Industrial development

2.1Phases of industrialization

1. facts about industrial development during the first phase of industrialization
2. theuse of coal as a source of energy,
3. mechanization
4. facts about industrial development during the second phase of industrialization
5. use of hydroelectricity as a power source,
6. need for specialized labour,
7. more extensivemechanization
8. factors that contributed to industrial development
9. extensive natural resources,
10. strong hydroelectric potential,
11. abundant andlow-cost labour
12. effects of industrial development on society
13. child labour,
14. difficult living and working conditions,
15. social and economic disparity betweenthe business class and the working class
16. effects of industrial development on the territory during the first phase of industrialization
17. development of working class neighbourhoods,
18. widening of canals,
19. introduction of electricstreetcars

1. The war industry
2. factors that contributed to industrial development during the Second World War
3. demand for military supplies,
4. need for food in Europe
5. effects of the war industry on industrial production and the society during the SecondWorld War:
6. increased production in the steel,
7. transportation and chemical sectors;
8. increase in thenumber of women working in factories

1. The period 1945 to 1960
2. facts about industrial development during this period
3. increased factory production,
4. increasedmineral production,
5. development of the petrochemical industry
6. factors that contributed to industrial development during this period
7. the reconstruction of European countries after the Second World War,
8. demand for raw materials and military materials in theUnited States
9. effects of economic development on society during this period
10. labour struggles,
11. increase inpurchasing power,
12. employment growth in the tertiary sector
13. effects of economic development on the territory
14. development of cities andsuburbs,
15. creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway,
16. expansion of the road network
17. The period 1960 to 1980
18. facts about industrial development during this period
19. creation of small- and medium-sizedenterprises,
20. emergence of Québec multinationals
21. factor that contributed to economic development
22. government intervention
23. Examples of government intervention in the economy
24. creation of Crown corporations,
25. Nationalization of Hydro Quebec and construction ofhydroelectric dams
26. Protection of local industry through tariffs and subsidies
27. Increased government spending on Health and Education
28. effects of economic development on society
29. increase in the unionization rate,
30. improvement in working conditions,
31. establishment of new social programs
32. effects of economic development on the territory
33. development of industrial zones,
34. increase in residential construction,
35. development of transportation infrastructure,
36. construction ofsuburban shopping centres
37. The period 1980 to Present
38. facts about industrial development during this period
39. reduced importance of the primary andsecondary sectors,
40. development of a high-technology sector, worldwide competition
41. factor that contributed to economic development
42. globalization of the economy
43. effects of economic globalization on society
44. job relocation,
45. establishment of trainingprograms for laid-off workers,
46. creation of new businesses

3Urban expansion

3.1Effects of urbanization

1. the main characteristics of urbanization
2. concentration of the population,
3. multiplication ofservices
4. effects of the development of cities on the organization of the society and the territory inthe second half of the 19th century
5. appearance of well-off neighbourhoods at a distancefrom working-class neighbourhoods,
6. creation of parks

1. effects of the development of cities on the organization of the society and the territory inthe early 20th century
2. establishment of public services,
3. opening of department stores,
4. urbansprawl

4Socioeconomic context of working-class life

4.1Living and working conditions

1. living conditions in working-class neighbourhoods in the late 19th century
2. unhygienic conditions,
3. unhealthy housing,
4. pollution and crowding leading to new healthproblems
5. working conditions in factories in the late 19th century
6. six-day workweek of 60to 70 hours;
7. women and children paid less than men
8. main method used by workers to improve their working conditions in the second halfof the 19th century and the early 20th century
9. Unionization

1. reaction of the clergy to the establishment of American unions in Québec in the late19th century and early 20th century
2. foundation of Catholic unions

1. Workers’ demands
2. demands made by workers in the first half of the 20th century
3. reduction in workinghours,
4. prohibition of child labour
5. demands made by workers between 1945 and 1960
6. wage increases,
7. protectionagainst industrial illnesses
8. demands made by workers between 1960 and 1980
9. amendments to labourrelations legislation,
10. measures to combat social inequality
11. demands made by workers since 1980
12. parental leave,
13. improved pension plans,

5Economic cycles

5.1Economic indicators

• gross domestic product,
• unemployment rate,
• balance of trade

1. Expansion and contraction
2. characteristics of a period of expansion
3. increase in production,
4. increase in exports,
5. reduction of unemployment
6. characteristics of a period of contraction
7. reduction in production,
8. reduction in exports,
9. increase in unemployment
10. Depression and recession
11. facts about the economic depression of the 1870s
12. precarious financialsituation of some banks,
13. increased unemployment
14. facts about the economic depression of the 1930s
15. introduction of public worksprograms,
16. establishment of assistance measures for the unemployed
17. facts about recessions since 1970
18. oil price increases,
19. closure of mines andmining towns

6Economic policies

6.1Free trade

1. solution chosen by United Canada in 1854 to deal with the market problem causedby Great Britain’s free trade policies
2. trade agreement with the United States
3. effects of free trade on Québec’s economy
4. job losses in certain sectors,
5. increasein exports

1. Protectionism
2. solution chosen to find new markets for the products of United Canada after thenon-renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty
3. creation of a domestic market
4. solution chosen to develop the domestic market and Canadian industry in thesecond half of the 19th century
5. increasing customs duties after adopting the National Policy

Economic development and the social values of equity, justice and solidarity in Québec today

1Players concerned by economic development

• the government,
• consumers’associations,
• employers’ and union organizations

2Measures taken by the government to promote economic development

• granting of subsidies to businesses,
• establishment of worker training programs,
• financial support for researchand development

3 Measures taken by the government that reflect commitment to the social values ofequity, justice

4e and solidarity

• free and universal health care,
• income redistribution

5Sources of government revenue

• income tax,
• profits of Crown corporations

6Main items of government expenditure

• education, health and social services

7Means used by citizens to make their voices heard concerning the economic decisions

of the government

• participating in elections,
• taking part in public consultations,
• signingpetitions