Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Ciliwung River Based on Pollution Index

Evaluation of water quality status of Ciliwung River based on Pollution Index

Abstract

Pollution index calculation was based on Indonesia Ministry of Environment Decree No 115/2003. River water quality standard referred to Government Regulation No 82/2001 including 4 water quality classes namely class 1 for potable raw water source, class 2 for water sport and recreation, class 3 for fisheries and animal husbandry, and class 4 for irrigation.

River water quality measurements were performed at various locations representing upstream (Bogor) and downstream (Jakarta) of Ciliwung River. Those sampling site were Katulampa, Kampung Kelapa, Jembatan Panus Depok, MT Haryono, and Manggarai.

In general, river water quality of Ciliwung improved from 2012 to 2014. Highest pollution index existed at MT Haryono Jakarta downstream of Ciliwung, whilst the lowest pollution index occurred at Katulampa upstream of Ciliwung. At year 2012, Ciliwung river water quality status for class 1 (as raw domestic water source) was highly polluted. Meanwhile, at 2014 the status underwent improvement to be fairly polluted. If the purpose of Ciliwung river water quality referred to class 3 (fisheries and animal husbandry purpose), so at 2012 river water quality status was fairly polluted. However at 2014, improvement was revealed by the change of river water quality to be lightly polluted.

Key Word: Pollution index, water quality standard Ciliwung River, water pollution,

Introduction

The water quality of rivers in Indonesia in general have exceeded water quality standards set out in Regulation 82 of 2001. More than 50% of monitoring points have been heavily polluted status. Monitoring points with heavily polluted status from 2009 to 2013 is likely to increase. Within five years of monitoring, water quality in Indonesia tends to decrease.

The decline in water quality is caused by organic waste from domestic and industrial activity indicated by high BOD and COD as well as low levels of dissolved oxygen in the waters. In addition, it is also dominated by the presence of fecal coli and total coliform from solid waste of humans and animals. Bacteria fecal coli and total coliform originated from human and animal solid waste is the dominant pollutant in rivers in Java or regions with high population density.

Material and Methods

River water quality standards referred is Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. Article 8 states that the quality of water is set into four classes namely:

a. Classone, as source of potable water.

b.Class two, as water sport and recreation media.

c.Class three, as media for aquaculture and animal husbandry.

d.Class four, as water for irrigation.

River pollution index determination is in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Environment No 115 of 2003 on Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Status. Zulfa et al. (2016) used pollution index to preliminary assess port water quality. Furthermore Effendi et al.(2015) evaluated Ciambulawung river water quality with water quality index, and Obaidy et al (2015) for Tigris River. The evaluation of the status of river pollution is:

0 ≤ PIj ≤ 1.0  Meet qualitystandard (good)

1.0 < PIj ≤ 5.0  Lightly polluted

5.0 < PIj ≤ 10  Fairlypolluted

PIj > 10  Heavily polluted

Analysis of pollution index used data of 2012, 2013, and 2014. Each year there are 2 replicates data. Water quality data were obtained from the water quality monitoring carried out by the Ciliwung Cisadane River Agency (2012, 2013, 2014) sampled at five monitoring sites namely Katulampa, Kampung Kelapa, Depok Panus Bridges, MT Haryono, and Manggarai, illustrating gradually upstream and downstream river(Figure 1).

Figure 1. Water quality sampling at Ciliwung River, West Java, Indonesia.

Results and Discussion

Ciliwung River water quality at several observation locations in 2014 can be seen in Table 1. Calculation of pollution index in some monitoring sites of Ciliwung River (2012, 2013, and 2014) referred to the freshwater quality standard Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Table 2).

Table1. Ciliwung River water quality at several locations in 2014.

No / Parameter / Unit / Sites
Katulampa / Kampung Kelapa / Jembatan Panus Depok / MT Haryono / Manggarai
1 / Temperature / oC / 27.0 / 30 / 29 / 28.5 / 28
2 / TSS / mg/l / 341.0 / 389 / 373 / 483 / 531
3 / pH / - / 7.7 / 7.765 / 7.98 / 7.92 / 7.79
4 / COD / mg/l / 35.2 / 56 / 74.335 / 55.84 / 57.665
5 / BOD / mg/l / 2.1 / 3.375 / 3.575 / 2.775 / 2.85
6 / TDS / mg/l / 435.5 / 193.5 / 378 / 503 / 457.5
7 / DO / mg/l / 5.8 / 4.3 / 4.6 / 1.25 / 1.2
8 / Total Phosphate / mg/l / 0.1 / 0.23 / 0.138 / 0.22 / 0.14
9 / Nitrate / mg/l / 1.4 / 1.4 / 3.25 / 1.125 / 3.1
10 / Ammonia / mg/l / 0.4 / 0.895 / 0.22 / 1.455 / 1.345
11 / Arsenic / mg/l / 0.0007 / 0.0007 / 0.0007 / 0.0007 / 0.0007
12 / Cobalt / mg/l / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.1
13 / Selenium / mg/l / 0.0006 / 0.0006 / 0.0006 / 0.0006 / 0.0006
14 / Cadmium / mg/l / 0.0005 / 0.0005 / 0.0005 / 0.0005 / 0.0005
15 / Chrom Hexavalent / mg/l / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01
16 / Copper / mg/l / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02
17 / Iron / mg/l / 0.05 / 6.655 / 3.075 / 1.665 / 0.41
18 / Plumbum / mg/l / 0.005 / 0.005 / 0.005 / 0.005 / 0.005
19 / Mangan / mg/l / 0.006 / 0.099 / 0.0975 / 0.034 / 0.025
20 / Mercury / mg/l / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001
21 / Zeng / mg/l / 0.0006 / 0.375 / 0.32 / 0.02 / 0.0055
22 / Chloride / mg/l / 7.1 / 8.67 / 10.69 / 22.35 / 21.335
23 / Cyanida / mg/l / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.003 / 0.0245 / 0.004
24 / Nitrite / mg/l / 0.016 / 0.165 / 0.043 / 0.325 / 0.183
25 / Sulphate / mg/l / 24.1 / 26.49 / 7.815 / 12.935 / 16.69
26 / Free Chlorine / mg/l / 0.06 / 0.08 / 0,085 / 0.09 / 0,09
27 / Sulphide / mg/l / 0.001 / 0.0055 / 0,001 / 0.001 / 0.001
28 / Oil and Grease / mg/l / 977.5 / 1000 / 1000 / 1000 / 1000
29 / Detergent / mg/l / 134.1 / 102.455 / 107,845 / 98.645 / 122.83
30 / Conductivity / ms/cm / 0.06 / 0.093 / 0,095 / 0.147 / 0.174

Source: Ciliwung Cisadane River Agency (2014)

Table2. Status of water quality at several locations in the Ciliwung River.

No / Sites / Class 1 / Class2 / Class3 / Class4
2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014
1 / Katulampa / 7.9
Fairly polluted / 6.5
Fairly polluted / 5.4
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly pollutedg / 3.7
Lightlypolluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 2.1
Lightlypolluted / 1.9
Lightlypolluted / 2.2
Lightlypolluted / 0.8
Good
2 / Kampung Kelapa / 13.1
Highlypolluted / 8.2
Fairly polluted / 7.5
Fairly polluted / 9.6
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted
d / 4.0
Lightlypolluted / 9.5
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 3.9
Lightlypolluted / 2.4
Lightlypolluted / 3.3
Lightlypolluted / 0.8
Good
3 / Jembatan Panus Depok / 11.9
Highlypolluted / 9.1
Fairly polluted / 7.2
Fairly polluted / 8.3
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 3.9
Lightlypolluted / 8.3
Fairly polluted / 5.6
Fairly polluted / 3.6
Lightlypolluted / 3.4
Lightlypolluted / 2.3
Lightlypolluted / 0.8
Good
4 / MT Haryono / 13.8
Highlypolluted / 12.9
Highlypolluted / 7.0
Fairly polluted / 10.3
Highlypolluted / 9.4
Fairly polluted / 4.3
Lightlypolluted / 10.2
Highlypolluted / 9.4
Fairly polluted / 3.4
Lightlypolluted / 2.6
Lightlypolluted / 2.2
Lightlypolluted / 1.0
Lightlypolluted
5 / Manggarai / 10.5
Highlypolluted / 10.4
Highlypolluted / 6.1
Fairly polluted / 7.0
Fairly polluted / 6.9
Fairly polluted / 4.4
Lightlypolluted / 6.9
Fairly polluted / 6.8
Fairly polluted / 2.5
Lightlypolluted / 2.5
Lightlypolluted / 1.8
Lightlypolluted / 1.2
Lightlypolluted

Location with the highest pollution index was in MT Haryono Jakarta (Table 2). Meanwhile Katulampa was the location with the lowest pollution index. At year 2012, Ciliwung river water quality status for class 1 (as raw domestic water source) was highly polluted. Meanwhile, at 2014 the status underwent improvement to be fairly polluted.

If the purpose of Ciliwung river water quality referred to class 3 (fisheries and animal husbandry purpose), so at 2012 river water quality status was fairly polluted. However at 2014, improvement was revealed by the change of river water quality to be lightly polluted.

In 2014, the quality status of the Ciliwung River was fairly polluted for water quality class 1, lightly polluted for water quality for class 2, 3, and 4. However at point of Katulampa, Kampung Kelapa, and Jembatan Panus Depok pollution index showed good conditions for water quality class 4.

Station Katulampa is the most upperpart of Ciliwung River, followed by Kampung Kelapa, Jembatan Panus Depok, MT Haryono, and Manggarai as the downstream of the river. Hence it is quite understandable that at the upstream of the river, water quality still indicated good condition, meeting quality standard especially class 4 (water for irrigation), since no industrial activities nearby. A research on upper part of Ciambulawung River in West Java pointed out also good water quality index (Effendi et al. 2015). However, even the upstream, if river water quality was compared with class 1 (water as raw potable water source), it indicated fairly polluted category. This fairly polluted condition was attributed to high detergent content as well as oil and grease concentration, originating from liquid domestic waste. Most of liquid domestic wastes in Indonesia undergo no treatment and flow eventually to surrounding river.

The Indonesia government is now having a continuous program of monitoring water quality of main river throughout the country. The data is reported regularly on the year basis to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. These data series are worthwhile for setting up measures to be taken in coping the problem of continuous deterioration of river water quality.

Conclusion

At year 2012, Ciliwung river water quality status for class 1 (as raw domestic water source) was highly polluted. Meanwhile, at 2014 the status underwent improvement to be fairly polluted.

References

Al Obaidy AHMJ, Talib AH, and Zaki SR. 2015. Application of water pollution index for assessment of Tigris river ecosystem. International Journal of Advanced Research 3(2):219-223.

Decree of the Minister of Environment No 115 of 2003 on Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Status (In Indonesian).

Effendi H. 2015. Water Quality Status of Ciambulawung River, Banten Province, Based on Pollution Index and NSF-WQI. Procedia of Environmental Science 24:228-237

Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control (In Indonesian).

Zulfa N, Effendi H, and Riani E. 2016. Preliminary rapid fishing port water quality assessment with pollution index.AES Bioflux 8(1):96-106.

1 / A paper presented at 36th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA 16), Aichi-Nagoya, Japan, 11-14 May 2016.