References
Ajetunmobi, O. (2002). Making sense of critical appraisal. London: Arnold.
Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., et al. (1985). Cited in: Hollins, S & Esterhuyzen, A. (1997). Bereavement and Grief in Adults with Learning Disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (6). pp. 47-501.
Aman, M & Singh, N. (1986). Cited in: MacHale, R & Carey, S. (2002). An investigation of the effects of bereavement on mental health and challenging behaviour in adults with learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 30 (3). pp. 113-117.
Bennet, D. (2003). Death and people with learning disabilities: empowering carers. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 31. pp. 118-122.
Bello, A. (2002). Descriptive Data Analysis. Chapter 16. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 331-346.
Blackman, N. J. (2002). Grief and Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Approach. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 38 (1/2). pp. 253-263.
Blackman, N. (2003). Loss and learning disability. London: Worth Publishing.
Bonell-Pascual.E., Huline-Dickens, S., Hollins, S., Esterhuyzen, A., Sedgwick, P., Abdelnoor, A & Hubert, J. (1999). Bereavement and grief in adults with learning disabilities: A follow-up study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 175. pp. 348-350.
Botsford, A, L. (2000). Integrating End of Life Care into Services for People with an Intellectual Disability. Social Work in Health Care. 31 (1). pp. 35-48.
Bowlby, J. (1981). Attachment and Loss. Volume Three. London: Penguin.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
Cathcart, F. (1995). Death and people with learning disabilities: interventions to support clients and carers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 34. pp. 165-175.
Clark, A. (2004). Working with grieving adults. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 10. pp. 164-170.
Colaizzi, P. (1978). Cited in: Polit, D. F & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of Nursing Research. Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. (6th Edition).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Conboy-Hill, S. (1992). Grief, loss and people with learning disabilities. In: Waitman, A & Conboy-Hill, S. (eds). Psychology and Mental Handicap.London: Sage Publishing.
Cormack, D. F. S. (2000). The Research Process in Nursing. (4th Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Cowles, K. (1996). Cultural perspectives of grief: an expanded concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 23 (2). pp. 287-294.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act. (3rd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Department of Health. (2001a). Valuing People. A New Strategy for Learning Disabilities. London: The Stationery Office.
Available on:
[Accessed 11th January 2006]
Department of Health. (2001b). Seeking Consent: working with people with learning disabilities. London: The Stationery Office.
Available on:
[Accessed March 28th 2006]
Dodd, P., Dowling, S & Hollins, S. (2005). A review of the emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses to bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 49 (7). pp. 537-543.
Doka, K. J. (1999). Disenfranchised grief. Bereavement Care. 18 (3). pp. 37-39.
Douglas, D. H. (2004). The Lived Experience of Loss: A Phenomenological Study. American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 10 (1). pp. 24-32.
Dowling, S., Hubert, J & Hollins, S. (2003). Bereavement interventions for people with learning disabilities. ‘My mother’s name was Marjorie.’ Bereavement Care. 22 (2). pp. 19-21.
Dowling, S., Hubert, J., White, S & Hollins, S. (2006). Bereaved adults with intellectual disabilities: a combined randomized controlled trial and qualitative study of two community-based interventions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 50 (4). pp. 277-287.
Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M & Whetton, C. (1982). Cited in: McEvoy, J., Reid, Y & Guerin, S. (2002). Emotion recognition and concept of death in people with learning disabilities. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 48 (2). pp. 83-89.
Elders, M, A. (1995). Theory and present thinking in bereavement. Issues in Psychoanalytic Psychology. 17 (1). pp. 67-83.
Emerson, P. (1977). Covert grief reactions in mentally retarded clients. Mental Retardation. 15. pp. 46-47.
Gates, B. (2002). Learning Disabilities. Toward Inclusion. (4th Edition). London: Churchill Livingstone.
Gersie, A. (1991). Storymaking in Bereavement. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Giorgi, A. (1987). Cited in: Douglas, D. H. (2004). The Lived Experience of Loss: A Phenomenological Study. American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 10 (1). pp. 24-32.
Glaser, B & Strauss, A. (1967). Cited in: Read, S & Papakosta-Harvey, V. (2004). Using workshops on loss for adults with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 8 (2). pp. 191-208.
Haber, J. (2002). Sampling. Chapter 12. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 239-263.
Harper, D. C. & Wadsworth, J. S. (1993). Grief in adults with mental retardation: Preliminary findings. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 14. pp. 313-330.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Cited in: Polit, D. F & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of Nursing Research. Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. (6th Edition).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hek, G., Judd, M & Moule, P. (2002). Making Sense of Research. An Introduction for Health and Social Care Practitioners. (2nd Edition). London: Sage Publications.
Hernadez-Halton, I., Hodges, S., Miller, L & Simpson, D. (2000). A psychotherapy service for children, adolescents and adults with learning disabilities at the Tavistock Clinic, London, UK. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 28. pp. 120-124.
Hobson, R. P & Kapur, R. (2005). Working in transference: Clinical and research perspectives. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 78 (3). pp. 275-295.
Hollins, S & Esterhuyzen, A. (1997). Bereavement and Grief in Adults with Learning Disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (6). pp. 497-501.
Hollins, S & Sireling, L. (2004). When Dad Died. (Third Edition). London: Gaskell & St. George’sHospitalMedicalSchool.
Holmes. J. (2001). The Search for the Secure Base. London: Brunner-Routledge.
Hurst, J. (1998). Loss and bereavement in people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 5 (9). pp. 468-471.
Husserl, E. (1962). Cited in: Polit, D. F & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of Nursing Research. Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. (6th Edition).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
James, I. A. (1995). Helping people with learning disability to cope with bereavement. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 23. pp. 74-78.
Kane, B. (1979). Children’s concepts of death. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 134. pp. 141-153.
Kovacs, M. (1985). Cited in: Stoddart, K. P., Burke, L & Temple, V. (2002). Outcome Evaluation of Bereavement Groups for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 15. pp. 28-35.
Kovacs, M. (1992). Cited in: Stoddart, K. P., Burke, L & Temple, V. (2002). Outcome Evaluation of Bereavement Groups for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 15. pp. 28-35.
Krainovich-Miller, B. (2002). Literature Review. Chapter 4. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 77-105.
Liehr, P. R & Marcus, M. T. (2002). Qualitative Approaches to Research. Chapter 7. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research.
Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 139-164.
Lincoln, Y. S & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury ParkCA: Sage Publications.
LoBiondo-Wood, G. (2002). Introduction to Quantitative Research. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 187-201.
LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J & Krainvoich-Miller. (2002). Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process. Chapter 2. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 33-49.
LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (2002a). Reliability and Validity. Chapter 15. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 311-330.
LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (2002b). Nonexperimental Designs. Chapter 11. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 221-237.
Lyons, C. A. (2000). Studying grief in adults with learning disabilities. [Correspondence]. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 176. p. 297.
Matson, J. L. (1988). Cited in: Hollins, S & Esterhuyzen, A. (1997). Bereavement and Grief in Adults with Learning Disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (6). pp. 497-501.
Matson, J. L., Kazdin, A. E & Senator, V. (1984). Psychometric properties of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation. 5. pp. 81-89.
Macdonald, J., Sinason, V & Hollins, S. (2003). An interview study of people with learning disabilities’ experience of, and satisfaction with, group analytic therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 76. pp. 433-453.
MacHale, R & Carey, S. (2002). An investigation of the effects of bereavement on mental health and challenging behaviour in adults with learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 30 (3). pp. 113-117.
Mappin, R & Hanlon, D. (2005). Description and evaluation of a bereavement group for people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 33. pp. 106-112.
McEvoy, J., Reid, Y & Guerin, S. (2002). Emotion recognition and concept of death in people with learning disabilities. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 48 (2). pp. 83-89.
McEvoy, J & Smith, E. (2005). Families perceptions of the grieving process and concept of death in individuals with intellectual disabilities. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 100. pp. 17-25.
McLouglin, I. (1986). Bereavement in the mentally handicapped. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 36. pp. 256-260.
Miles, M & Huberman, A. (1984). cited in: Douglas, D. H. (2004). The Lived Experience of Loss: A Phenomenological Study. American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 10 (1). pp. 24-32.
Moddia, B & Chung, M. C. (1995). Grief reactions and learning disabilities. Nursing Standard. 9 (33). pp. 38-39.
Moss, S., Prosser, H., Costello, H., Simpson, N., Patel, P., Rowe, S., Turner, S & Hatton, C. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS-ADD Checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 42. pp. 173-183.
Murray, G. C., McKenzie, K & Quigley, A. (2000). An examination of the knowledge and understanding of health and social care staff about the grieving process in individuals with a learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 4 (1). pp. 77-90.
Oswin, M. (1991). Am I Allowed to Cry? A study of bereavement amongst people who have learning difficulties. London: Human Horizons Series.
Owen, D. M., Hastings, R. P., Noone, S. J., Chinn, J., Harman, K., Roberts, J & Taylor, K. (2004). Life events as correlates of problem behaviour and mental health in a residential population of adults with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 25. pp. 309-320.
Parahoo, K. (1997). Nursing Research, Principles, Process and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Parkes, C. M. (1993). Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: Process of adaptation to change. In: Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W & Hansson, R. (Editors). Handbook of bereavement, theory, research and intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91-101.
Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life. (3rd Edition).London: Routledge.
Parkes, C. M. (1998). Bereavement in adult life. British Medical Journal. 316. pp. 856-859.
Parloff, M. B., Kelman, H. C & Frank, J. D. (1954). Cited in: Stoddart, K. P., Burke, L & Temple, V. (2002). Outcome Evaluation of Bereavement Groups for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 15. pp. 28-35.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. (3rd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Persaud, S & Persuad, M. (2003). Does it hurt to die? Bereavement work to help people with learning disabilities. Bereavement Care. 22 (1). pp. 9-11.
Polit, D. F & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of Nursing Research. Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. (6th Edition).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Read, S. (1996). Helping People with Learning Disabilities to Grieve. British Journal of Nursing. 5 (2). pp. 91-95.
Read, S. (2001). A year in the life of a bereavement counselling service for people with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 5 (1). pp. 19-33.
Read, S. (2003). Bereavement and loss. Chapter 6. In: Markwick, A & Parrish, A. Learning Disabilities. Themes and Perspectives. Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann.
Read, S. (2005). Loss, bereavement and learning disabilities: providing a continuum of support. Learning Disability Practice. 8 (1). pp. 31-37.
Read, S & Elliot, D. (2003). Death and learning disability: a vulnerability perspective. The Journal of Adult Protection. 5 (1). pp. 5-13.
Read, S., Frost, I., Messenger, N & Oates, S. (1999). Bereavement counselling and support for people with learning disability: Identifying issues and exploring possibilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 27. pp. 99-104.
Read, S & Papakosta-Harvey, V. (2004). Using workshops on loss for adults with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 8 (2). pp. 191-208.
Read, S & Spall, B. (2006). Bereavement and people with a learning disability. Learning Disability Practice. 9 (2). pp. 8-14.
Reed, J & Clements, J. (1989). Cited in: McEvoy, J., Reid, Y & Guerin, S. (2002). Emotion recognition and concept of death in people with learning disabilities. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 48 (2). pp. 83-89.
Rogers, C. (1961). On Becoming A Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2004). Psychotherapy and learning disability. Council Report CR116. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
Available on:
[Accessed May 11th 2006]
Sandelowski, M. (1995). Cited in: Douglas, D. H. (2004). The Lived Experience of Loss: A Phenomenological Study. American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 10 (1). pp. 24-32.
Sandelowski, M. (2002). Cited in: Douglas, D. H. (2004). The Lived Experience of Loss: A Phenomenological Study. American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 10 (1). pp. 24-32.
Seden, R. (2005). Making sense of grief. Learning Disability Practice. 8 (9). pp. 20-21.
Sinason, V. (1992). Mental handicap and the human condition. London: Free Association Books.
Stack, L., Haldipur, M. D & Thompson, M. (1987). Cited in: Hollins, S & Esterhuyzen, A. (1997). Bereavement and Grief in Adults with Learning Disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (6). pp. 497-501.
Stoddart, K. P., Burke, L & Temple, V. (2002). Outcome Evaluation of Bereavement Groups for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 15. pp. 28-35.
Strauss, A & Corbin, J. (1990). Cited in: Read, S & Papakosta-Harvey, V. (2004). Using workshops on loss for adults with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 8 (2). pp. 191-208.
Sullivan-Bolyai, S & Grey, M. (2002). Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs. Chapter 10. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 203-219.
Titler, M. G. (2002). Use of Research in Practice. Chapter 20. In: LoBiondo-Wood, G & Haber, J. (eds). Nursing Research. Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. (5th Edition). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 411-444.
Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy. (3rd Edition). Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
Yanok, J & Biefus, J. A. (1993). Communicating about loss and mourning: death education for individuals with mental retardation. Mental Retardation. 31 (3). pp. 144-147.
Bibliography
Blackman, N. (2004). Bereavement: It’s OK to have angry as well as loving feelings. Community Living. 18 (2). pp. 11-12.
Blackman, N. (2005). Supporting bereaved people with intellectual disabilities. European Journal of Palliative Care. 12 (6). pp. 47-248.
Clements, P. T., Focht-New, G & Faulkner, M. J. (2004). Grief in the shadows: Exploring loss and bereavement in people with developmental disabilities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 25. pp. 799-808.
Dunne, K. (2004). Grief and its manifestations. Nursing Standard. 18 (45). pp. 45-51.
Gault, J. (2003). Bereavement: helping a patient with a learning disability to cope. Nursing Times. 99 (1). pp. 26-27.
Hollins, S & Sinason, V. (2000). Psychotherapy, learning disabilities and trauma: new perspectives. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 176. Pp. 32-36.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1970). On Death and Dying. London: Tavistock.
Raji, O & Hollins, S. (2003). How far are people with learning disabilities involved in funeral rites? British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 31. pp. 42-45.
Summers, S. J. (2003). Psychological intervention for people with learning disabilities who have experienced bereavement: a case study illustration. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 31. pp. 37-41.
Stroebe, M & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies. 23. pp. 197-224.
Todd, S. (2002). Death does not become us: The absence of death and dying in intellectual disability research. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 38 (1/2). pp. 225-239.