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Name______
Chapter 8– Pop Quiz 1
1.______memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.
a.Semantic
b.Declarative
c.Flashbulb
d.Episodic
2.The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event
elsewhere is called ______.
a.confabulation
b.source misattribution
c.priming
d.repression
3.Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend.It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene’s fake memory seem so real to her?
a.She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
b.The fight occurred only a year ago.
c.Her memory contained only a few key details.
d.The fight was easy to imagine.
4.Which of the following is a test for recall?
a.matching questions
b.true-false questions
c.multiple-choice questions
d.essay questions
5.Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?
a.short-term memory
b.long-term memory
c.the sensory register
d.implicit memory
6.The ______model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of
interacting processing units.
a.three-box
b.parallel distributed processing
c.serial processing
d.sequential processing
7.Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?
a.procedural memory
b.semantic memory
c.episodic memory
d.declarative memory
8.______is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.
a.Deep processing
b.Long-term potentiation
c.Priming
d.Temporary changes in the release of neurotransmitters
9.According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because:
a.new information is “recorded over” old information.
b.similar items of information interfere with one another.
c.memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.
d.the cues needed to recall the memory are not present.
10.Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that:
a.she cannot remember an event from when she was 2yearsold.
b.she is frequently bothered by vivid memories of a traumatic event that she experienced.
c.she now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.
d.her amnesia resulted from a blow to the head during a car accident.
Chapter 8– Pop Quiz 1
Answer Key
1.cVivid recollections of emotional and important events are called flashbulb memories, a term that is meant to capture the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize them.(Page 271, Factual, Easy, LO 8.1,APA 1.1)
2.bRationale:The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is termed source confusion or source misattribution.(Page 271, Factual, Easy, LO 8.1,APA 1.1)
3.dRationale:If imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real. (Page272, Applied, Moderate, LO 8.2,APA 1.1, 2.2)
4.dRationale:Recall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier. Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition memory. (Page 276, Factual, Easy, LO 8.5,APA 1.1, 2.2)
5.aRationale:Short-term memory (STM) holds a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, perhaps up to 30 seconds or so, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer. (Page 278, Factual, Easy, LO 8.7, APA 1.1)
6.bRationale:This describes the parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionist model of memory. (Page 279, Factual, Easy, LO 8.7, APA 1.1)
7.aRationale:Many researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and habits are learned well, they do not require much conscious processing. The other options are all types of explicit memory. (Page 283, Factual, Moderate, LO 8.11, APA 1.1, 2.2)
8.bRationale:Long-term potentiation is thought to be a biological mechanism involved in forming long-term memories.(Page 285, Factual, Moderate, 8.13, APA 1.1, 2.2)
9.cRationale:The decay theory holds that memories eventually disappear if they are not accessed.(Page 292, Conceptual, Moderate, LO 8.18, APA 1.1, 2.2)
10.cRationale: It is possible for a therapist, either deliberately or unwittingly, to implant a false memory in a client.(Page 295,Conceptual, Moderate, LO 8.19, APA 1.1, 2.2)
Name______
Chapter 8– Pop Quiz 2
1.Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you
remember something when it never actually happened, is called ______.
a.confabulation
b.priming
c.flashbulb memory
d.repression
2.Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:
a.is of a different gender than the victim.
b.is significantly older than the victim.
c.is significantly younger than the victim.
d.is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
3.Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:
a.explicit memory.
b.implicit memory.
c.autobiographical memory.
d.procedural memory.
4.______acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.
a.The sensory register
b.Short-term memory
c.Working memory
d.Long-term memory
5.Although there is some debate, ______is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus two units of information.
a.the sensory register
b.short-term memory
c.declarative memory
d.long-term memory
6.______is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control attention and the retrieval.
a.Procedural memory
b.Declarative memory
c.Working memory
d.Semantic memory
7.______memory refers to the recollection of a personally experienced event and the context inwhich it
occurred.
a.Semantic
b.Procedural
c.Flashbulb
d.Episodic
8.In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response depends on activity in the ______.
a.frontal lobes
b.amygdala
c.hippocampus
d.cerebellum
9.The ______theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.
a.replacement
b.decay
c.interference
d.cue-dependent
10.Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on:
a.unconscious memories that float to the surface.
b.family stories, photographs, and imagination.
c.actual recall of the events.
d.a special memory module for early childhood experiences.
Chapter 8– Pop Quiz 2
Answer Key
1.aRationale:This is the definition of confabulation. (Page 271, Factual, Easy, LO 8.2, APA 1.1)
2.dRationale:Research has shown that when a suspect is of a different ethnic background than a witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect. (Page 273, Factual, Moderate, LO 8.3, APA 1.1, 2.2)
3.aRationale:This is the definition of explicit memory. (Page 276, Factual, Easy, LO 8.5, APA 1.1)
4.aRationale: This is a description of the sensory register, a highly accurate, but very brief type of memory. (Page 278, Factual, Moderate, LO 8.8, APA 1.1)
5.bGeorge Miller famously estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be seven plus or minus two. There is, however, some debate about whether this is correct. (Page 280, Factual, Easy, LO 8.9, APA 1.1)
6.cRationale:This is a description of the concept of working memory.(Page 281, Factual, Moderate, LO 8.9, APA 1.1)
7.dRationale: This is the definition of episodic memory. (Page 283, Factual, Easy, LO 8.11, APA 1.1)
8.dRationale:Thompson’s research demonstrated an important role for the cerebellum in classical eyeblink conditioning. (Page 286, Factual, Moderate, LO 8.14, APA 1.1, 1.2)
9.bRationale:The decay theory holds that memories fade with time if they are not accessed now and then. (Page 292, Factual, Easy, LO 8.18, APA 1.1, 2.2)
10.bRationale:Due to childhood amnesia, most people have no memory of their first three years of life. If they seem to have memories, they are most likely reconstructions based on family stories, photographs, and their own imaginings.(Page 297, Factual, Easy, LO 8.20, APA 1.1, 2.2)
Multiple Choice Questions
1.______refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.
a.Recall
b.Memory
c.Priming
d.Recognition
Section:Chapter Introduction
Page(s):269Type: FactualAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1
Rationale:Memory refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity.
2.Memory is critical to our lives because:
a.it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence.
b.without memory, we could not experience emotions.
c.it operates as a video camera would, automatically recording every moment of our lives.
d.each thing that happens to us, or impinges on our senses, is tucked away for later use.
Section:Chapter Introduction
Page(s):269Type: ConceptualAnswer: a
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale:Each of us is the sum of our recollections. Memory also gives us our sense of who we are.
3.Retrieving a memory is most like:
a.replaying a videotape of an event.
b.reading a short story that describes the characters in detail, but does not include the dialogue.
c.hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
d.watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):270Type: ConceptualAnswer: d
Level of Difficulty: Difficult
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale:Memory involves reconstruction.We recall the major details and reconstruct the rest.Our memory is not like a videotape replaying a past experience.
4.According to Sir Frederic Bartlett:
a.memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
b.memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some
pieces.
c.memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
d.emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: ConceptualAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1, 1.2
Rationale:Memory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in blanks.One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist SirFrederic Bartlett.
5.In the 1930s, the research of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the view that memory is:
a.like a wax tablet.
b.like reading a journal or diary written in indelible ink.
c.like a journalist trying to reconstruct an interview from incomplete notes.
d.like painful mementos in a locked vault.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: ConceptualAnswer: c
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.2
Rationale:Memory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in blanks.One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett.
6.The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called:
a.semantic memory.
b.priming.
c.explicit memory.
d.source misattribution.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: FactualAnswer: d
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1
Rationale:This is an example of source misattribution (also called source confusion).We recall a memory, but not how it was established or where it came from.
7.______is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.
a.Reconstructive memory
b.A flashbulb memory
c.Semantic memory
d.Procedural memory
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: FactualAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1
Rationale:This is a description of flashbulb memory.
8.Casey was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as:
a.source misattribution.
b.a flashbulb memory.
c.a serial-position effect.
d.a frozen memory.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271 Type: AppliedAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1, 2.1. 2.2
Rationale:Flashbulb memories are especially vivid memories of emotionally charged events.
9.The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event
elsewhere is called ______.
a.consolidation
b.source misattribution
c.priming
d.repression
Section: Reconstructing the Past
Page(s): 271Type: FactualAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Easy
Reconstructing The Past
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1
Rationale: The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is termed source confusion or source misattribution.
10.______memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.
a.Semantic
b.Declarative
c.Flashbulb
d.Episodic
Section: Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: Factual Answer: c
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.1: Discuss some of the metaphors that have been used to describe memory as a recording device, and explain why the actual workings of memory are much more reconstructive.
APA 1.1
Rationale: Vividrecollections of emotional and important events arecalled flashbulb memories, a term that is meant tocapture the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize them.
11.Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend.It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene’s fake memory seem so real to her?
a.She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
b.The fight occurred only a year ago.
c.Her memory contained only a few key details.
d.The fight was easy to imagine.
Section: Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):272Type: AppliedAnswer: d
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.2: Describe three conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur.
APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: If imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real.
12.Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you
remember something when it never actually happened, is called ______.
a.confabulation
b.priming
c.flashbulb memory
d.repression
Section: Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):271Type: FactualAnswer: a
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 8.2: Describe three conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur.
APA 1.1
Rationale: This is the definition of confabulation.
13. When six-year-old Sven’s parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Sven appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Sven was not present when those events occurred. Sven’smemory illustrates the concept of ______.
a.priming
b.implicit memory
c.confabulation
d.decay
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):272Type: AppliedAnswer: c
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.2: Describe three conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale:Confabulation is the confusion of an eventthat happened to someone else with onethat happened to you, or a belief thatyou remember something when it neveractually happened.
14.Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister.He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head!His parents can’t convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened!Chad’s memory is an example of:
a.anterograde amnesia.
b.confabulation.
c.psychogenic amnesia.
d.repression.
Section:Reconstructing the Past
Page(s):272Type: AppliedAnswer: b
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.2: Describe three conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale:Confabulation is the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.
15.Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:
a.is of a different gender than the victim.
b.is significantly older than the victim.
c.is significantly younger than the victim.
d.is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
Section:Memory and the Power of Suggestion
Page(s):273Type: FactualAnswer: d
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
LO 8.3: Summarize the evidence indicating that eyewitness testimony can be susceptible to memory errors.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale:Research has shown that when a suspect is of a different ethnic background than a witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect.
16.In addressing the debate regarding children’s memories of sexual abuse, it has become clear that:
a.children’s memories cannot ever be trusted because children will always say whatever adults expect.
b.it is important to repeatedly question a child who denies sexual abuse, because there is a good chance they have repressed the event.
c.preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are school-aged children.
d.children do not lie about or misremember traumatic experiences, such as sexual abuse.
Section:Memory and the Power of Suggestion