History 3.5 – Change Essay – CONTACTTERM 3 REVISION

Intro: The consequences of the Boyd incident in making NZ a place not to come to (1809) vs the “workable accord” (Orange)that developed afterwards due to demands by both sides of the equation.

  • Whalers and Sealers
  • Orange: they “had no other mission in NZ than to exploit the resources of land and sea and they did not actively seek to change Maori society”
  • Sealers operated in south of SI  Maori provided food and labour sometimes but no big contact
  • Whalers had more interaction:
  • Maori crewed whaling ships  see the world
  • Bay of Islands was the key port of call for whalers:
  • Food, water, women, labour
  • Kororareka: “hellhole of the Pacific”
  • 1829: development of shore whaling stations meant more contact
  • Traders: Many came from sealers / whalers / missionaries: key part of “workable accord” because they exemplify mutual demand
  • Pakeha trading flax and timber well before 1840 and development of key industries
  • Traders lived close to Maori society: seen as a very important part of a tribe if one present as they brought trade to the tribe: envy and cause for war for other tribes
  • Belich: “pursuit of mana” Chiefs saying “my Pakeha”
  • Traders a sign of power and prestige
  • traders sometimes took Maori wives – extra bonding
  • Missionaries: Orange asserts that out of all contact period people, they were the only ones that sought to “change Maori”
  • Very few converts prior to 1830
  • Post 1830 much more converts: several opinions
  • Wright: disease and war pushed Maori to Christianity
  • Owens: improved missionaries e.g. Henry Williams
  • Binney: active choice to find a new life with less death and war + message of peace in the Bible
  • Marsden claims that the message was well received as the “savages were more civilised than any others I has seen”
  • Pakeha-Maori
  • Traders often married for personal safety – i.e. protection of a tribe
  • Mediation between the two groups + trade advantage
  • Barnet Burns claims that he could go anywhere he wanted because he was tattooed
  • Maori women who married Pakeha men seen as mana gaining for the tribe because they also had a trade advantage
  • Children of such relationships raised as Maori
  • Impact of muskets
  • High demand: shown by 3 tons flax for one musket => more slaves used
  • Chiefs wanted missionaries who could fix guns
  • MUSKET WARS
  • Hongi Hika went to Britain and returned with gifts, which he converted to muskets in Sydney
  • 1824: Ngapuhi overran Ngati Whatua in revenge for previous attacks, using newly-gained muskets
  • Impact (according to Crosby):
  • Dislocation of tribes
  • Elimination of some tribes
  • European settlement on disputed land
  • By the 1830s; Binney says a “balance of terror” had been achieved because all tribes sought to get muskets, and by 1830s impact of muskets decreased as muskets fully saturated
  • Elizabeth Affair
  • An evidence of Euro interference in Maori affairs: Te Rauparaha sneaking warriors south
  • Br court in NSW claimed no jurisdiction
  • Maori chiefs petitioned Br King to deal with Pakeha lawlessness: James Busby
  • Man ‘o War w/o guns
  • NSW governor would not furnish him with anything
  • Depended upon his personality to deal with problems
  • Contact was limited for most of NZ; Bay of Islands had significant contact hence Pakeha dress, food, tools, weapons etc. adopted widely. Other areas had only heard of rumours of Pakeha
  • Pakeha saw this as Maori moving into civilisation
  • Neg impact of contact: diseases due to lack of immunity: Belich – compare Native Americans etc.
  • Christianity
  • Increased literacy due to Bible education – Maori writing letters, petitions etc.
  • Reduced savageness: less: cannibalism, slavery, tattooing, polygamy as un-Christian
  • Papahurihia: symbiotic religion: adoption and changing of Pakeha concepts by Maori
  • Maori = Tribes of Israel
  • Sabbath on Saturdays
  • “Missionaries brought ideas that were the real harbingers of change” – Belich – link to Declaration and Treaty
  • Fatal Impact vs Acculturation

FATAL IMPACT (Wright)
  • Social Darwinism
  • Stronger race will eat up the weaker races via disease, alcohol, tobacco, Christianity and war
  • A fatal collision of races means that the remnants of the race will be forced to become civilised
  • Visitors coming in to see ‘the last of the Maori’
/ ACCULTURATION (Belich/Orange)
  • Maori life changed as they grabbed what they wanted of Pakeha society
  • Papahurihia
  • Trade
  • Muskets even
  • Maori culture survived well because of this  Co-existence today proves this
  • Belich: “Maori Agency” Maori were the agents of change in society

  • Flag and Declaration of Independence
  • Achievement of Busby – one of very few
  • Permits trade in Br ports
  • Protection from Baron de Thierry
  • Maori realised they were collective group – Maori unity contributed (question)
  • Orange: “Acknowledgement of mana of NZ and special mark of Maori identity”
  • A quest to build a Maori aristocracy – Busby thought too many Chiefs
  • King: “no reality because no indigenous power structure”
  • Moon: “goodwill agreement rather than national document of truly constitutional significance”
  • However makes Treaty difficult as
  • 1. Br recognises NZ independence
  • 2. Br promised to be a parent of infant state
  • Continual failure of Busy led to further and more formal involvement of Britain in NZ thru Treaty – to protect Maori, regulate land sales, controlling settlers, dealing with NZ Co.