STATE AGENCY ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND FORESTRY OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
THIRD NATIONAL REPORT
Bishkek 2005
C O N T E N T S
IDENTIFICATION OF REPORTING PARTY 3
QUESTIONNAIRE 4
Overviews and priority setting 5
Article 5 – Cooperation 12
Article 6 - General measures for conservation and sustainable use 16
Article 7 - Identification and monitoring 23
Decisions on Taxonomy 29
Article 8 - In situ conservation 38
Article 8(h) - Alien species 43
Article 8(j) - Traditional knowledge and related provisions 49
Article 9 - Ex situ conservation 55
Article 10 - Sustainable use of components of biological diversity 58
Article 11 - Incentive measures 66
Article 12 - Research and training 71
Article 13 - Public education and awareness 72
Article 14 - Impact assessment and minimizing adverse impacts 77
Article 15 - Access to genetic resources 83
Article 16 - Access to and transfer of technology 88
Article 17 - Exchange of information 90
Article 18 - Technical and scientific cooperation 91
Article 19 - Handling of biotechnology and distribution of its benefits 95
Article 20 – Financial resources 97
Ecosystem Approach 104
Inland water ecosystems 107
Agricultural biological diversity 115
Forest biological diversity 130
Biological diversity of dry and sub-humid lands 136
Mountain Biodiversity………………………………………………………………………………… …141
Operations of the Convention 148
IDENTIFICATION OF REPORTING PARTY
N a t i o n a l F o c a l P o i n t
Full name of the institution / State Agency on Environment Protection and Forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic
Name and title of contact officer / Mr Arstanbek Davletkeldiev – Director of the State Agency on Environment Protection and Forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic
Mailing address / 228, Toktogul street, Bishkek, 720001, Kyrgyz Republic
Telephone / +996 (312) 610016
Fax / +996 (312) 611396
Contact officer for national report (if different FROM ABOVE)
Full name of the institution
Name and title of contact officer / Dr Emil Shukurov, National Leading Expert
Mailing address / 201, Abdrahmanova street, Bishkek, 720005, Kyrgyz Republic
Telephone / +996 (312) 281370
Fax / +996 (312) 548223
E-mail /
S u b m i s s i o n
Signature of officer responsible for submitting national report
Date of submission
1
Q U E S T I O N N A I R E
Information on the preparation of the report
Box I - Please provide information on the preparation of this report, including information on stakeholders involved and material used as a basis for the report.
Materials and information on activity of the following institutions and agencies were used in a cause of the report preparation:State Agency on Environment Protection and Forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic
Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Processing Industry of the Kyrgyz Republic
Ministry of Emergency of the Kyrgyz Republic
Kyrgyz Agrarian University of K.I.Skryabin
Biology and Soil Institute of the National Academy of Science of the Kyrgyz Republic
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism of the Kyrgyz Republic
State Agency on Science and Intellectual Property (“Kyrgyzpatent”)
Project “Assessment of the national capacity of the Kyrgyz Republic on the global environmental conventions commitment implementation”
Central Asian Transboundary Project GEF/World Bank on the Western Tayn Shan Biodiversity Conservation
Central Asian Transboundary Project GEF-UNEP-WWF “ECONET Design for long-term Biodiversity Conservation in ecoregions of Central Asia”
Small Grants Programme
Environmental Movement of Kyrgyzstan “Aleine”
National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic
This report is prepared in accordance with the country commitments arisen from affiliation of the country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1996. Report format was adopted at the 7th Conference of the Parties in Malaysia (Kuala-Lumpur, February 2004). The format was simplified for this publication to make easier acquaintance with main provisions of the report. It allows to see the country progress in actions implementation towards the biological diversity conservation as well as unsolved issues and current problems.
Overviews and priority setting
Box II - Please provide an overview of the status and trends of various components of biological diversity in your country based on the information and data available.
Review is conducted at two levels: ecosystem level and species level.STATE AND TRENDS IN ECOSYSTEM CHANGING
Biodiversity reproduction capacity depends on the state of natural ecosystems. There are 20 ecosystem classes in Kyrgyzstan including 1 man-made ones.
Table 1
Ecosystems of Kyrgyzstan and disturbance degree of their natural status
Ecosystem class / Area (km2) / DisturbanceHigh / Medium / Low
1 / Man-made* / 32 111,71
2 / Mid-hill steppe / 24 803,53 / Х
3 / Cryophyte (high hill) steppe / 22 474,57 / Х
4 / Cryophyte (alpine) meadows / 17 263,49 / Х
5 / Sub-alpine meadows / 13 207,99 / Х
6 / Mid-hill meadows / 8 898,19 / Х
7 / Wetlands*** / 7 076,14 / Х / Х
8 / Foothill deserts / 5 571,61 / Х
9 / Mid-hill therophyllous shrubbery / 3 871,96 / Х
10 / Spruce (firry-Abies) forests*** / 3 017,00 / Х / Х
11 / Juniper forests and light forests*** / 2 548,32 / Х
12 / Mid-hill savanna forests / 2 361,89 / Х
13 / Cryophyte (high hill) deserts / 1 953,44 / Х
14 / Mid-hill desert / 1 384,34 / Х
15 / Parvifoliate forest*** / 1 040,64 / Х / Х
16 / Walnut forests / 928,75 / Х
17 / Pistachio and almond / 458,47 / Х
18 / Mid-hill light forests / 231,51 / Х
19 / Low-hill and foothill steppe / 192,70 / Х
20 / Broad-leaved forests*** / 83,67 / Х / Х
Other land**
Glaciers and snow hills / 5 773,74
Nival and sub-nival / 13 909,04
Rocks, debris stream and alluvial deposits / 9 150,67
Total / 178 313,38
Note: * - man-made ecosystems are not evaluated since they are disturbed as natural ones for 100% according to definition.
** - other lands are not evaluated since they actually do not conserve the biodiversity.
*** - various comparable sites have different level of conservation.
As we see from the Table 1, only 3 of 20 classes of natural ecosystems can be referred to low disturbed, 8 classes belong to medium disturbed, 2 classes to medium and high disturbed at the same time and 7 – high disturbed. Ecosystems are mostly disturbed in foothill valleys, mid hill valleys and low mountain zones to 1500-2000 m above sea level. Considerable part of natural ecosystems is replaced by artificial (arable land, settlements, industrial areas, communications and etc.); rest natural ecosystems are affected by high man-made pressure. Pasture ecosystems still suffer from overgrazing in the second half of 20th century when the livestock number was in 5-10 times higher the norm.
State of the ecosystems can characterize number of typical endangered species (See Table 2).
Table 2
Distribution of the species of the Red Data Book by the ecosystems
EcosystemsSpecies Groups / Total /
Desert
/ Steppe / Coniferous forest / Foliage forest / Meadows / WetlandsPlants / 89 / 16 / 37 / 1 / 15 / 19
Mushrooms / 6 / 1 / 5
Arthropods / 80 / 12 / 1 / 3 / 3
Fish / 6 / 7
Amphibian / 2 / 1 / 1
Reptile / 8 / 4 / 6 / 1 / 8
Birds / 53 / 4 / 27 / 2 / 8 / 1 / 19
Mammal / 26 / 6 / 13 / 3 / 3 / 4 / 2
Total* / 231 / 32 / 95 / 6 / 34 / 28 / 29
In general, grass ecosystems are poorer compare to forest ecosystems and they have more endangered species than the forest one. Consequences of overgrazing strongly impacted on their ability to reproduce a proper biodiversity in sustainable way in spite of the fact that for 20 years their considerable part has being free of pasturing due to strong reduction of the livestock number. The most complex coniferous forests among the forest ecosystems are mixed and have less endangered species compared to the foliage forests. Please note that the coniferous forests since mid of last century were affected strongly by man-made impact, as result their area was double reduced. Nevertheless they have positive impact on environment and demonstrate high sustainability and ability to maintain the proper biodiversity.
STATE AND TRENDS OF THE SPECIES DIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Territory of Kyrgyzstan is characterized by high level of biodiversity concentration on ecosystem level as well as on species level (See Table 3). As seen from Table 3, concentration of species in Kyrgyzstan is in 2-3 times higher than in other Central Asian states.
From current ecosystem state it is seen that significant part of area is occupied by the ecosystems reproduced by wild type in spite of various degrees of disturbance. Diversity and relative conservation of ecosystems determine relatively high level of species concentration.
Table 3
Biodiversity of Kyrgyzstan
World / KyrgyzstanGroup / Number of species in the world / Number of species per 1 thousand km2 / Number of species in Kyrgyzstan / % of world number of species / Number of species per 1 thousand km2 / Number of species in Red Data List of KR
Ultramicrobe (virus), bacteria, protozoan / 5760 / 0,011 / 261 / 0,05 / 1,32 / 4
Inferior plants / 73883 / 0,145 / 3676 / 4,98 / 18,57 / 5 (0,1 %)
Higher plants / 248428 / 1,666 / 3786 / 1,52 / 19,12 / 84 (2,2 %)
Worms / 36200 / 0,071 / 1282 / 3,54 / 6,47 / 0
(Spisula) dipper / 50000 / 0,098 / 168 / 0,34 / 0,85 / 0
Arthropods / 874161 / 5,860 / 10242 / 1,17 / 51,72 / 18 (0,2 %)
Fish / 19056 / 0,041 / 75 / 0,39 / 0,38 / 7 (9,3 %)
Amphibian / 4184 / 0,023 / 4 / 0,09 / 0,02 / 2 (50 %)
Reptile / 6300 / 0,047 / 33 / 0,52 / 0,15 / 8 (24,2 %)
Birds / 9040 / 0,062 / 368 / 4,07 / 1,86 / 53 (14,4 %)
Mammal / 4000 / 0,027 / 83 / 2,07 / 0,44 / 24 (28,9 %)
a) From last column of Table 3 it is seen that the most endangered group is vertebrate. Deterioration of small fresh water bodies leads to crucial reduction of number and areal of amphibiotic, particularly Asian anuran (frog). It is as other species threatened by uncontrolled and unreasonable provision especially increased with appearance of Chinese purveyors at present. Direct persecution, withdrawal from nature and deterioration of habitats leads to threat of extinction or reduction of number and areal of different species of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
b) Ongoing process of legislation improvement, institutional support, poverty reduction programme, special programmes and projects directed towards biodiversity conservation such as on forest, “The Western Tien Shan biodiversity conservation”, “ECONET design for long-term biodiversity conservation in the ecoregions of Central Asia” and others including environmental awareness increasing create pre-conditions to improve situation in general. At the same time, it was failure in stoppage and reverse of trend on deterioration of natural ecosystem and specific species state.
c) Most of natural ecosystems, especially those nearby the settlements, demonstrates trends of degradation as result of unreasonable pasturing, logging, timber poaching and illegal gathering of medicinal herbs and specific species, and actual unlimited poaching.
d) From other side, positive trends are observed on increasing of number and size of protected areas. Within the small grant programmes such as GEF/UNDP, Central Asian Transboundary Project GEF/WB, Gifts to the Earth/WWF and others, the local communities obtain new skills of friendly nature economic activity, rehabilitation of natural ecosystems and conservation of some species.
e) Activity related to the global environmental conventions commitment implementation plays a positive role in attraction of attention of the public and government to problems of protection, restoration and rational use of biological resources.
Box III - Please provide an overview of factors affecting conservation and sustainable use of various components of biological diversity in your country, including access to genetic resources and sharing of benefits arising from their utilization.
Degree of ecosystems disturbance is shown in Table 1, and their ability to maintain biological diversity is shown in Table 2 based on the species listed in the Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz Republic.Table 4 provides main consequences of unfavorable impact of natural and man-made factors on various types of biological resources and main types of the ecosystems.
As it is seen from Table 4, natural factors such as the fires and mudflows cause considerable but local damage to biodiversity. Sites affected by those factors are restored under availability of neighboring undisturbed sites within mid-term period of 10-100 years. In general, they cover less than 0,1 % of area of main ecosystems. It is important to know that the human being to a considerable degree provokes these natural factors.
Unregulated livestock pasturing is on the first place among man-made factors. It covers both pasturing and forest ecosystems and becomes a reason to strengthen and increase frequency of natural negative impacts above mentioned. Such type of impact leads to double reduction of pasture ecosystem productivity and their partly or full destruction – 20-70 % of total area depending on region. Especially natural ecosystems strongly suffered from the settlements located nearby. Restoration of pasture ecosystems can take from 10 to 100 years. Important condition is to protect sites, particularly grass ecosystems.
Forest ecosystems suffer from logging including timber poaching. Scattered offences are transformed into local ones. Logging sites can be centers of forest diseases. Natural restoration of sites suffered from logging and illegal pasturing will require an average period of 10-100 years. In spite of reduced area, the forest ecosystems continue to support high level of biodiversity. Less than 1 % of the forest area is affected by logging; the livestock is pastured on 10% of area. There is no accurate unified registration.