List of Literary Terms and Techniques for Literary Technique Poster
1. Abstract vs Concrete language –Abstract language refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images; concrete language describes things that exist and can be experienced through the senses. Abstractions are rendered understandable and specific through concrete examples.
2. Allegory- a work that functions on a symbolic level.
3. Alliteration- the repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
4. Allusion- a reference contained in a work.
5. Antithesis- the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. “To be or not to be…” “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country…”
6. Apostrophe- a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, “Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee.”
7. Assonance- repetition of the same vowel sound in words close together.
Consonance- repetition of the same consonant sound in words close together.
8. Atmosphere- the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author’s choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events.
9. Cacophony- harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary work.
10. Cliché- an overused common expression. The term is derived from a French word for a stereotype printing block. Just as many identical copies can be made from such a block, so clichés are typically words and phrases used so frequently that they become stale and ineffective. Everyone uses clichés in speech: “in less than no time” they “spring to mind,” but “in the last analysis,” a writer ought to “avoid them like the plague,” even though they always seem “to hit the nail on the head.”
11. Colloquial language - the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn is written in a colloquial style.
12. Connotation vs denotation- Connotation refers to the interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning; a word’s denotation refers to the literal or dictionary meaning of a word.
13. Euphemism- a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. “He went to his final reward” is a common euphemism for “he died.” Euphemisms are also often used to obscure the reality of a situation. The military uses “collateral damage” to indicate civilian deaths in a military operation.
14. Hyperbole- extreme exaggeration, often humorous, it can also be ironic; the opposite of understatement.
15. Image and Imagery – In literature an image is a verbal approximation of a sensory impression, concept, or emotion; whereas imagery is the total effect of related sensory images in a work of literature.
16. Irony-an unexpected twist or contrast between what happens and what was intended or expected to happen. It involves dialog and situation, and can be intentional or unplanned. Dramatic irony centers around the ignorance of those involved; whereas, the audience is aware of the circumstance.
17. Metaphor-a direct comparison between dissimilar things. “Your eyes are stars” is an example.
18. Meter and Scansion- Meter is the pattern of stressed syllables which occurs at regular intervals and makes up the rhythm of a verse; Scansion is the analysis of the patterns of stress within a poem; a way to hear its effects. Scansion indicates the basic metre of a poem and the variations in it. Often these variations are related to important aspects of meaning, aiding interpretation.
19. Metonymy- a figure of speech in which a representative term is used as a symbol for a larger idea (“The pen is mightier than the sword!” is an example).
20. Synecdoche- a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. (“All hands on deck” is an example.)
21. Monologue- a speech given by one character (Hamlet’s “To be or not to be…”).
22. Narrator- the speaker/point of view from which the story is told in a literary work; referred to ‘the Speaker’ when discussing poetry specifically.
23. Onomatopoeia- words that sound like the sound they represent (hiss, gurgle, pop).
24. Paradox- A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. The first scene of Macbeth, for example, closes with the witches’ cryptic remark “Fair is foul, and foul is fair….”
25. Personification- the assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts (Wordsworth personifies “the sea that bares her bosom to the moon” in the poem London 1802.).
26. Pun- a play on words that often has a comic effect. Associated with wit and cleverness. A writer who speaks of the “grave topic of American funerals” maybe be employing an intentional or unintentional pun.
27. Repetition- the duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. When repetition is poorly done, it bores, but when it’s well done, it links and emphasizes ideas while allowing the reader the comfort of recognizing something familiar.
28. Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme - the repetition of a sound that appears in the final stressed syllable of at least two words; rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming words which appear at the end of lines of verse.(ex. ABAB)
29. Simile- an indirect comparison that uses the words like or as to link the differing items in the comparison. (“Your eyes are like the stars.”)
30. Stanza- a unit of a poem, similar in rhyme, meter, and length to other units in the poem.
31. Symbol- something in a literary work that stands for something else. (Plato has the light of the sun symbolize truth in “The Allegory of the Cave.”)
32. Syntax- the grammatical structure of prose and poetry.
33. Theme- the underlying ideas the author illustrates through characterization, motifs, language, plot, etc.
34. Tone- the author’s attitude toward his subject.
35. Zeugma- two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them.