EUROPE in the 1800S

EUROPE IN THE 1800s

The Industrial Revolution

•  Manufacturing had been guided by the

–  Not a true revolution, but more of an

•  What country takes the lead

–  Reasons why

•  Political stability following the

–  Also followed the Enlightened idea of

•  Religious

•  National , lots of

•  Vast

•  Availability of especially

•  Expanding

–  Doubled, produced many

•  Increased

•  First technological advances occurred in

–  John Kay invents the

•  Cloth was being made so fast it outpaced the

–  James Hargreaves fixes the problem by inventing the

–  Richard Arkwright invents the

•  Led to the development of displacing domestic manufacturing with the

•  1770 Arkwright employed 200 people under one roof =

–  However the first factories had to be located near

–  James Watt invents the

•  Now possible for factories to be built

•  Other industries

–  Coal and Iron

•  Abraham Darby discovered a way of smelting iron using

•  This allowed for the

–  Machines now made of

–  Iron and steam lead to

•  First passenger railroad traveled between

•  Immense impact on the

–  Carried

–  By 1800

•  Industrialization soon spread to the

–  What nation was the first to industrialize on the continent

•  Had large supply of

–  The German states were hampered by

•  Made the transportation of goods

•  In 1834 Prussia creates a customs union called the

–  This abolished and created a

–  What nation fell behind due to political instability

•  Did take the lead in the manufacturing of

•  Impact of industrialization

–  Fueled the growth and development of

•  Britain became the first nation to have more people living in

•  Cities were

–  Poor ventilation and sanitation led to

–  The water supply came into direct contact with animal and human waste, which led to

–  Greatly affected the

•  Family no longer worked under

•  Working in

–  Working conditions were worse for

•  Britain’s Sadler Committee exposed that children were

•  The House of Commons passed a bill that ruled that:

–  Children younger than 9 couldn’t work in

–  Children younger than 12 couldn’t work more than

•  Many workers were against placing constraints

–  Handloom weavers had complete economic

–  Their way of life was threatened by

•  Responses to industrialization

–  Luddites = blamed what for their problems

•  Decided to

•  Modern vocab word = those who refuse to embrace

•  Fictional leader was Ned Created an imaginary character known as

–  Another group who opposed the new factories were the

•  They wrote of the

–  Workers sought to create

•  These would provide

–  Workers in Britain organized into

–  Banned in Britain until _____ and France and Prussia until ______

•  Who formed the first unions

–  By the end of the 19th c who also had unions

•  Unions were the critical reason for the steady improvement in

–  Some workers turned to

•  Believed unions only solved

•  Wanted a complete overhaul of

•  Early socialism is based on the writings of Robert ______and Charles

•  The biggest impact on socialist thought was the scientific socialism offered by

–  Marx was born in ______, but ended up living in

•  Met Friedrich

•  They organized a Communist League to link

•  In 1848 they wrote the

–  All history from the beginnings of time consists of the struggle between

–  The development of capitalism led to the creation of a new working class called the

•  They were being exploited by the

–  One day the proletariat would

–  After this violent struggle, the state would fade away and the proletariat and society would develop into one of

•  A classless society with

•  Marx believed that the working class had to constantly

–  Organized the First

•  Was to provide communication and cooperation between

•  Dissolved in 1876 due to

–  Engels organized the Second

•  Met for the first time on July 14, 1889

Europe in Crisis (1815-1833): Restoration, Repression, and Revolution

•  Post-war

–  Many great powers followed the lead of

•  suppressed

–  most leaders attempted to reinstitute

•  the literate middle class, supported by urban workers, demanded reform and were willing to

•  France

–  Emerged from chaos as the most

–  What family restored to power

•  Younger brother of Louis becomes

•  Other younger brother, the Count of Artois,

–  Charter of 1814 – a hastily written

•  Politically allowed for a

•  Only king could

•  Contained many freedoms and limited

•  Louis wanted to

•  Divided into two groups

•  The leader of those who did not was

•  “White Terror” (1815)

•  France admitted into the

–  In 1820 Duke de Berry, the son of the Count of Artois, was

•  Ultra-royalists blame the

•  Ultra-royalists used this to pressure the king to

•  Wanted more rights given to

•  Louis begins to make the gov’t more

•  Narrowed

•  ______imposed and who is driven out of legal political life

–  The Count of Artois comes to the throne in 1824 as

•  Bitter about the

•  Law of Sacrilege – any attack on the church had what as a penalty

•  July Ordinances (1830) – dissolved the

•  Took away the right to

•  July Revolution – breaks out after Charles tries to

•  Revolution breaks out in

•  Charles X

–  Leading liberals were afraid of the

»  Didn’t want to create a

–  Instead they turned to

•  July Monarchy – Louis Phillipe is made

–  France is now controlled by the

–  Louis-Phillipe is called the “

–  Politically more liberal, but socially

•  This 1830 revolution sparked revolutions throughout

•  Spain

–  Who was restored to the throne

•  Once restored, Ferdinand and

–  Who wants to intervene

•  Who doesn’t believe that the great powers should be involved in putting down revolts

•  Two years later ______sends an army and

•  Austria

–  Under the leadership of

–  The Austrian Empire was a

•  What two ideologies are dangerous to it

•  Any recognition of rights to any national group would lead to

–  Secret police persecute anyone who

–  When the July Revolution broke out, Metternich prohibited

•  German Confederation

–  The purpose of the German Confederation was to

•  Who was president of the Diet

–  German liberals looked to whom as a leader of German liberalism in 1815

•  This was due to liberal reforms following the humiliating defeat by

•  However the Prussian gov’t and Junkers intended to follow the lead of

•  Liberals and nationalists were

–  News of the July Revolution led to German

•  Wanted

•  Easily crushed by

•  Naples

–  King Ferdinand of Naples is restored to power and refused to

•  Nationalistic

•  Metternich calls on the support of

–  Troppau Protocol – states that the great European powers

•  Who puts down the revolt

•  Greek Revolt of 1821

–  The Greeks revolt against the

•  Liberals looked at Greece as the

•  What Romantic poet went to Greece to aid the rebels and died there of fever

–  The “Eastern Question” – what should be done

–  1827 Great Britain, France, and Russia organize a

•  The Greeks gain

•  Italian states

–  Italian nationalists wanted

–  Two main proponents:

•  A secret nationalistic society called the

•  Advocated the use of what to achieve national unification

•  Guiseppi

•  His secret revolutionary society called the

–  However they were still too

•  Easily crushed by

•  Russia

–  Now a great European power as a result of the

–  Governed from 1801-1825 by

•  Was torn between the ideas of and adherence to

•  tried to liberalize his gov’t, be like

•  however his policies

•  became a reactionary and a follower of

•  came to regard what three things as anti-Christian:

•  what became the order of the day

–  Alexander died in 1825, leading to confusion over

•  Constantine, the older brother,

•  Nicholas, the younger brother,

–  “Decembrist” revolt

•  military officers staged a revolt in support of

–  felt that Constantine was more

•  they were

–  Nicholas I ruled harshly, stopping all

•  Created the Third Section

•  Domestically Russia became a

•  Great Britain

–  The Tory gov’t that defeated Napoleon was

•  Backlash against

–  The Corn Laws (1815) halted the importation of

•  Good for bad for

–  The Coercion Acts of 1817 suspended what for the first time in English history

•  Provided for arbitrary

•  Curtailed freedom of the

–  The “Peterloo Massacre” (1818)

•  60,000 people gathered in St. Peter’s field to demand

•  soldiers

–  The Six Acts (1818) – in response to

•  Series of

•  Banned and imposed

–  The Cato Street conspiracy (1820) = group of extreme radicals plot to

–  Younger Tories protested, arguing that repressive legislation was not in the

•  Led by

•  1824 they repealed the

•  this had banned

•  1829 restrictions on the rights of this group to hold political offices was lifted

•  Great Reform Bill of 1832

•  Expanded the

•  Mostly to

•  Reduced the number of

•  This showed that what was possible in Britain

•  Factory Act of 1833

•  Reduced the

•  Established gov’t inspectors

•  Poor Law of 1834 forced the destitute to enter into

•  Bad conditions to discourage people from

•  1846 the Corn Laws were

•  manufacturers felt that lower food prices would allow them to

•  these younger Tories also reformed the

•  Belgian Independence movement

–  Inspired by the news of the

•  Revolt breaks out against Dutch rule, led by

•  The Dutch army is

–  1839 the Great Powers declare the

•  Poland

–  1830 Military insurrection breaks out, challenging the historic

•  The Russian garrison was driven out of Poland and the czar

•  Poland declared

–  Czar Nicholas I orders the

•  Ruthlessly proceeded to crush the nationalistic rebellion, Poland became “a land of

The Revolutions of 1848

•  approximately how many in the first four months of 1848

–  whole classes and nations demanded to be

–  number of several conditions existed:

•  1. severe 5. sense of frustration and discontent of

•  2. financial 6. a system of poor relief which became

•  3. business 7. deteriorating

•  4. widespread 8. the power of nationalism in

•  France

–  “When France coughs, the rest of Europe

–  The workers, who had played a pivotal role in the Rev. of 1830, felt that they had

•  Troops were repeatedly used to

•  Rise of censorship and openly political meetings were

•  Opponents had what instead

•  Largest one scheduled for Feb. 22nd in honor of

•  The king’s chief minister, Guizot, issued an order

•  This led to four days of revolution in the streets of

•  Louis-Phillipe

•  A provisional gov’t proclaims the

–  The provisional gov’t favored a moderate republic, but had little sympathy for

–  The working class groups were united by their leader

•  He was a socialist who wanted the gov’t to deal with the

•  Blanc’s supporters pressured the gov’t into creating

•  These workshops provided

–  Elections brought who into power

•  They regarded socialist ideas as threats to

•  The gov’t then closed this due to lack of money

•  Parisian workers felt that their revolution had been

–  This led to the

•  A violent

•  How many died

•  Was unlike previous uprisings in France in that it marked the

–  The June Days confirmed the political predominance of

•  The new constitution of the Second French Republic provided for a

•  Who did the voters elect as president

–  They chose him because the name meant

–  In 1852 he made himself

•  Austrian Empire

–  Collection of numerous

–  What two groups in Vienna rioted in the streets:

•  They wanted a

•  The army

•  Who resigned from power and fled

•  Emperor Ferdinand granted

•  Eventually he

•  Who ruled Vienna

–  The inability of the revolutionary groups in Vienna to govern effectively made it

•  The rebels surrendered and the emperor abdicated in favor of his

•  He promptly restored

•  The imperial gov’t had been saved at Vienna through:

•  The loyalty of the

•  The revolutionaries lack of

•  Many of the subject nationalities at times

–  There were also revolts in

•  The German States

–  The immediate effect of the rev. in France was a series of

•  They wanted two things:

•  Demonstrations by

•  The permanent success or failure of these promises rested on

–  Prussia

•  King Frederick William IV promised reform, but

•  March 1848, people began to

•  Horrified by the bloodshed, Frederick ordered his army to

•  After agreeing to liberalize the Prussian gov’t, the king

•  Frederick called back the troops and

•  He then created his own constitution which guaranteed royal

•  Adult male

•  However only landlords and wealthy bourgeoisie

•  Included and the military swore

–  The Frankfurt Parliament

•  There was a concerted effort to establish

•  Elections to a constituent assembly from all

•  Met in May

•  Deliberated over questions of

•  Monarchy or

•  Federal union or

•  Boundaries –

•  Two plans

•  Grossedeutsch Plan = see all German lands

•  Kleindeutsch Plan = more realistic, to include only Prussia and the

•  They choose which one

•  The principal problem facing the Assembly was to obtain