Numeric Referencing Style:

In-text citations answers

The 2007 floods were “different in scale and type” (1, p.4) as compared to other flood events, in that two-thirds of the flooding was from surface water in urban areas and not from rivers or the sea (1). Traditionally, government flood policy has been based on river and coastal flooding (2). There is some evidence to suggest that the issue of surface water flooding is not adequately catered for in current government policy. It seems that no single government agency currently has responsibility for surface water flooding either at the local or national level (1-3). There is also no systematic monitoring of ground water levels and there are no risk maps of the areas most vulnerable to surface water flooding (4).

Reference list

  1. Environment Agency. Summer floods review. [Online]. 2007. [Accessed 21 September 2011]. Available from :
  2. DEFRA. Summer 2007 flood review. [Online]. 2007. [Accessed 21 September 2011]. Available from:
  3. Pitt, M. The Pitt review: learning lessons from the 2007 floods. [Online]. 2008. [Accessed 28 January 2009]. Available from:
  4. GLOUCESTER COUNTY COUNCIL. Summer 2007 floods [online]. 2009. [Accessed 29 January 2009]. Available from:

Question 1:

ANSWER A: Add a number citation and page reference to the source of this information, so (1, p.4)

If you are quoting directly from the text you should include the page number where the quotation can be found. This will make it easier for the reader to locate the quote quickly in the original source.

Question 2:

ANSWER A: This information is from the same source as the quote in (1); add the same number citation to the source of this information, so (1 p.4)

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work. Include page numbers when you are quoting directly, paraphrasing from or referring to a specific part of the source e.g. statistics

Question 3:

ANSWER A: Add a number citation to the source of the information (2)

If the authors name appears naturally within the text add a number after the authors name do not replace the authors name with a number. An alternative way to write this sentence would be to take out the authors name and add the number citation at the end of the sentence:
Traditionally, government flood policy has been based on river and coastal flooding (2).

Question 4:

a)ANSWER A: Add a number citation in the text to all of these, so (1-3)

If you refer to two sources at the same time, these can be cited together. The numbers of the sources are placed inside one pair of brackets, separated by commas (1, 2). If however you are citing three or more different sources at the same time and they have consecutive citation numbers e.g. 1,2 and 3 a dash can be used to abbreviate this, e.g. 1-3. The dash indicates number 2 is also being cited. If the sources do not appear in consecutive citation numbers the numbers of the sources are placed inside one pair of brackets, separated by commas e.g. (3, 5, 7).

Question 5:

ANSWER B: This source is available on the web; add a number citation as before, so: (4)

Web-based resources should be treated like any other source for referencing, so they are identified in the text by a number. The web address should not be included in the text, but must appear in the reference list in the correct format. Many web pages do not have a specific named author; in this case the organisation which runs the site (e.g. Gloucester County Council) is taken to be the author.