Ingestive Behavior: Chapter 11 & Lectures

Psychology 202

Exam 3 Study Guide

Homeostasis
Basic components of regulatory mechanisms (Figure 11.1)
Satiety mechanisms
Relative amounts of 4 different types of fluids found in the body (Figure 11.3)
Isotonic, hypovolemia, thirst (as defined by the text)
Osmometric thirst, osmoreceptors
Volumetric thirst, role of kidneys (renin and angiotensin I & II, Figure 11.7) and heart (atrial baroreceptors)
Brain areas involved in thirst, AV3V, subfornical organ (SFO), median preoptic nucleus, Figure 11.8
Types of thirst evoked by evaporation, consumption of a salty meal, and loss of blood through injury (for each of these, be able to explain the step-by-step process through which thirst occurs)
Phases of the digestive process, Figure 11.10
Fasting phase of digestive process, liver, glucose, glycogen, relative levels and functions of glucagon and insulin, adipose tissue, triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol
Absorptive phase of digestive process, nutrients received from digestive system, relative levels and functions of glucagon and insulin

Signals that start a meal, role of social/environmental factors, liver and the detection of glucoprivation and lipoprivation, brain areas (2) involved in the detection of glucoprivation
Signals that stop a meal
Short-term signals, head factors, stomach, intestines, cholecystokinen (CCK), liver
Long-term signals, adipose tissue, leptin, ob mice

Brain areas involved in eating
Hunger regulation, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), AGRP, arcuate nucleus, parventricular area, lateral hypothalamus, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), Figure 11.19
Satiety regulation, PYY (again), leptin (again), CART/-MSH neurons, Figure 11.20

Learning and Memory:Chapter 12 & Lectures

Motor Learning
Overlap between three types of learning above (Figure 12.3)
Relational learning (be able to give three examples of)
The Hebb Rule (Figure 12.1)
Long-term Potentiation (LTP) & steps to produce it, associative LTP
Underlying mechanisms that produce LTP: role of NMDA receptors, dendritic spikes, calcium
Three LTP-induced structural changes occurring at synapses:
Increase in AMPA receptors
Perforated synapses
Nitric oxide (NO) signals increased release of glutamate in presynaptic neuron

Classical Conditioning
Brain areas where LTP-like process may occur (Figure 12.16): lateral nucleus of the amygdala, cerebellum (presented in lecture)

Instrumental and motor learning
2 Pathways involved in instrumental learning
Reinforcement pathways: mesolimbic system, nucleus accumbens, dopamine, & mesocortical pathway

Relational learning
Anterograde amnesia vs. retrograde amnesia
Patient H.M.: basic cognitive functioning, types of learning he does/doesn’t display
Declarative (explicit) vs. nondeclarative (implicit) memory
Evidence that LTP and hippocampal neurogenesis are involved in relational learning (see pages372-373)

Lateralization, aphasia
Broca’s area, Broca’s aphasia: 3 major speech production deficits + comprehension deficit (See Figure 13.3 and results of Schwartz et al., 1980)
Wernicke’s area, Wernicke’s aphasia
Pure word deafness, transcortical sensory aphasia, autotopagnosia, anomic aphasia, conduction aphasia, arcuate fasciculus
Figure 13.8 (brain structures, connections, and functions), Figure 13.11 (note addition of “direct” arcuate fasciculus pathway), & Table 13.1
Pure alexia and brain damage that produces it (Figure 13.18)
Whole-word vs. phonetic reading
Acquired dyslexias, surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia, direct dyslexia
Developmental dyslexia, behavioral correlates (3) in addition to reading difficulty (presented in lecture), magnocellular system (presented in lecture), correlation of occipitotemporal complex activity with reading ability
Table 13.2 (Reading disorders only)

Updated 11/1/2018