WHAP Chapter 12 Reading Guide Name:
Date:
Hour:
Read Ch.12 and Identify the following:
Deliberately setting fires to clear the land to make more room for hunting or other plants and animals
2.Igbo:
People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they built a complex society that rejected kingship and centralized statehood and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence
3.Iroquois:
Confederation of five Iroquois people in what is now New York State; the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders
4.Timur:
Turkic warrior (1336-1405) also known as Tamerlane, whose efforts to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India
5.Fulbe:
West Africa’s largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that led to the creation of a number of new states.
6.Ming Dynasty:
Dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.
7.Yongle:
Ming emperor (1402-1422), Encyclopedia, moved capital to Beijing, constructed Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven
8.Forbidden City:
The Chinese imperial palace, constructed by Yongle
9.Zheng He:
Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405
10.Renaissance:
“rebirth” of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society / 11.Leonardo da Vinci:
Renaissance artist known for “Mona Lisa”, “Last Supper”, inventions
12.Michelangelo:
Renaissance artist and architect known for Sistine Chapel ceiling, many sculptures like “David”, St. Peter’s Basilica
13.Raphael:
Renaissance artist known for “School of Athens” and “Sistine Madonna”
14.Machiavelli:
Renaissance writer, The Prince, description of how to obtain political success, better to be feared than loved, the end justifies the means
15.Christine de Pizan:
Renaissance writer, City of Ladies
16.Christopher Columbus:
Italian explorer funded by Spain who crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean in1492. Found “new world” by mistake.
17.Vasco da Gama:
1497, made voyage around the tip of Africa to India
18.Ottoman Empire:
Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa
19.Safavid Empire:
Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early 16th century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam
20.Songhay Empire:
Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century / 21.Mughal Empire:
One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; the Mughals’ rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
22.Malacca:
Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the 15th century; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region
23.Mexica:
Semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico that established the Aztec empire, built Tenochtitlan
24.Aztec:
Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the 14th and 15th centuries; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico
25.Chinampas:
“floating gardens” farming method of the Aztec, artificial islands created from swamplands
26.Hernan Cortes:
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec
27.Pochteca:
Professional merchants, commoners but exceedingly wealthy
28.Inca:
The Western Hemisphere’s largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16th centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people, the empire stretched some 2500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects
29.“gender parallelism”:
A separate but equal definition of gender roles, men and women have different jobs but both are equally important to society
Key Concept 3.1 / Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. / Silk Roads, Sea lanes of the Silk Roads/Sea Roads/Indian Ocean trade, Sand Roads
Malacca, Samarkand, Beijing, Milan, Venice, Florence
B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organizations; use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization. / Gold, spices, silk
Salt, slaves
Camel caravans in West Africa
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures. / China sent out enormous fleets under Admiral Zheng He to enroll states in Chinese tribute system, but then emperors stopped sending them. China came to believe in the superiority of their culture and believed that if they desired something from abroad, others would bring it to them
In Europe, states competed and sent out explorers/conquistadors to trade and later conquer
China- rebuilding canals, reservoirs, irrigation works
E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks. / Ming Dynasty China
Mughal Empire
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it. / Outrigger canoes, fish hooks, complex netting techniques
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages. / Spanish into Americas, Chinese into areas of trade and settlement
III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
A. Development and expansion of Islam / Spread in Southeast Asia
Muslim sultanates in northern India
Mughal empire
Fulbe adopted Islam
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. / Chinese merchants and craftsmen settled in Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and SE Asia
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding. / Zheng He, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Hernando Cortez
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions. / Renaissance art and literature (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, de Pizan, etc)
Humanism, Individualism
Mythologies and rituals in Australia
Yongle’s Encyclopedia
Temple of Heaven for Confucian-based rituals
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions. / Outrigger canoes, fish hooks, complex netting techniques
Navigation, ships for long voyages
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas. / “firestick farming”
Iroquois adopted maize and bean farming techniques used in Mesoamerica
China-reservoirs, irrigation works, planting a billion trees to reforest
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest. / Population in Western Europe recovered after the Plague
Key Concept 3.2 / Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances. / Ming China after Mongols disrupted empirical rule of Chinese and reinstated Civil service exam
Timur made a brief attempt to restore an empire like the Mongol Empire
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged; including those developed in various Islamic states, city-states, and new states in Europe. / Spain, Portugal, France, England
City-states of Italy such as Milan, Venice, Florence
Russian state around Moscow
Vijayanagar
Igbo “stateless society”
Iroquois League of Five Nations
Fulbe in West Africa
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (Aztecs) and Inca. / Aztec empire in Mesoamerica, 1345-1521
Inca empire along the Andes, 1438-1533
Iroquois confederacy (New York State)
“complex” Paleolithic societies along west coast of North America
Key Concept 3.3 / Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. / Check p.586—588
Outrigger canoes
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions. / Check p.586-588
Maize and beans to Iroquois from Mesoamerica
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous cities emerged to take on these established roles. / Constantinople seized by Ottomans became Istanbul
Fulbe nomads settled in towns for Islam
Stable politics/government led to growth of cities
Malacca, Samarkand, Beijing, Milan, Venice, Florence
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
A. As in the previous period, there were many forms of labor organization.
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence. / “Stateless societies” usually no class inequalities or seclusion of women
Iroquois-warfare replaced successful food getting as the avenue to male prestige, no kind of superiority over another, banished servitude, matrilineal descent
Two empresses of China wrote instructions for female behavior
City of Ladies by de Pizan
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure. / Fulbe adopted Islam and many left nomadic life.
China going back to Confucian traditions