Energetics
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader:
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Vocabulary for Energetics

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Chemical energy

Thermodynamics

1st Law of Thermo

2nd Law of Thermo

Entropy

Enthalpy

Free energy

Catalyst

Activation energy

Transition State

Exergonic

Endergonic

Chemical equilibrium- Keq

Enzymes

Induced Fit Principle

Competitive Inhibitor

Non-Competitive Inhibitor

Active site

Allosteric Site

Cofactor

Coenzyme

Substrate

Enzyme-substrate complex

Catabolism

Anabolism

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Concentration gradient

Substrate-level Phosphorylation- Enzyme ADP + Pi ->ATP

Chemiosmosis

Oxidation

Reduction

ATP

Vmax

Km

Feedback Inhibition

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Fill in the blank.

  1. The ______law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only ______.
  2. The ______law of thermodynamics states that entropy is always ______.

What is entropy?

  1. ______Energy is the stored energy in a system.
  2. ______Energy is the energy of motion.
  3. A spontaneous reaction has a ______free energy change in that the ______have less free energy that the reactants.
  4. A ______reaction is when energy is released from the system.
  5. NAD+ is ______to NADH.
  6. Metabolism is a series of ______in which ______is stored or used.
  7. Anabolic metabolism is when molecules are being ______and uses ATP.
  8. Catabolic metabolism is when molecules are being ______and makes ATP.
  9. Enzymes ______the activation energy. This means they act as a ______.
  10. The total energy of a system is named ______.
  11. ______Inhibitors are molecules that bind to the active site of an enzyme and inhibit the ability of the substrate to bind.
  12. ______are usually inorganic ions that temporarily bind to the surface of an enzyme and promote a chemical reaction.
  13. An oxidation reaction is the loss/gain of electrons.
  14. A reduction reaction is the loss/gain of electrons.
  15. If G is negative then there is an increase/decrease in energy, meaning it’s an endergonic/exergonic reaction. This is a spontaneous reaction.
  16. If G is positive then there is an increase/decrease in energy, meaning it’s an endergonic/exergonic reaction. This reaction is not spontaneous.

Multiple Choice:

1. Which of the following factors may alter the function of an enzyme?

A. pHB. Temperature C. Cofactors D. all of the above

2. With regard to its effects on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, a competitive inhibitor:

A. Lowers the Km only.

B. Lowers both the Km and the Vmax.

C. Raises the Km only.

D. Raises the Km and lowers the Vmax.

E. Raises the Km and raises the Vmax.

3. In biological systems, ATP functions by:

A. Providing the energy to drive endergonic reactions.

B. Acting as an enzyme and lowering the activation energy of certain reactions.

C. Adjusting the pH of solutions to maintain optimal conditions for enzymes.

D. Regulating the speed at which endergonic reactions proceed.

E. Interacting with enzymes as a cofactor to stimulate chemical reactions.

4. Diagram the difference between a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor working on an enzyme.

5. Reactions that release free energy are

A. exergonic

B. spontaneous

C. endergonic

D. endothermic

E. both a and b

6. In a chemical reaction NADH is converted to NAD+ and H+. We would say that NADH has been

A. reduced

B. phosphorylated

C. oxidized

D. decarboxylated

E. methylated

7. Autophagy provides a way for cells to

A. degrade entire organelles and recycle their components

B. automatically control the level of ATP

C. engulf Bacterial cells

D. export unwanted organelles out of the cell

E. inhibit the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway