Appendix

Table A1 Species and descriptions by functional groups for the LakeTaihu model

Functional groups / Species / Description
Large culters / Erythroculter mongolicus / 67.5% of the total biomass of large culters
Erythroculter ilishaeformis / 32.5% of the total biomass of large culters
Other piscivorous / Cultrichthys erythropterus
Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
Channa argus
S.chuatsi and S.kneri
Odontobutis obscurus
Large icefish / Protosalanx chineniss / Main economic fishery species in LakeTaihu
Tapertail anchovy / Coilia ectenes taihuensis / Coilia ectenes taihuensis has a wide distribution in LakeTaihu. It is the most productive species (Zhang 2001; Yang 2003) that accounts for nearly 46% of the total annual catch in the lake (Zhang and Zhu 2004)
Black carp / Mylopharyngodon piceus / Traditional species in the Taihu fisheries
Common carp / Cyprinus carpio
Goldfish / Carassius auratus
Bighead carp / Aristichthys nobilis
Silver carp / Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Iicefish / Neosalanx taihuensis / A total of 95% of the icefish biomass was from Neosalanx taihuensis that inhabits the whole lake. Other species in this group are Neosalanx ologodontis and Reganisalanx branchyrostralis.
Neosalanx ologodontis
Reganisalanx branchyrostralis
Other fishes / Toxabramis swinhonis / Together these make up of 80% of the biomass of ‘other fishes’, according to the bottom trawl surveys (Deng et al., 1997)
Hemirhamphus kurumeus
Xenocypris argentea
Ctenogobius giurinus
Macropodus chinensis
Oryzias latipes
Toxabramis swinhonis
Hemirhamphus kurumeus
Herbivorous fishes / Ctenopharyngodon idella
Megalobrama amblycephala
Macrocrustaceans / Palaemon modestus
Erocheir sinensis
Mollusks / Corbicula fluminea
Benthos / Nephthy sp.
Microzooplankton / Vorticella aequilata
Polyathra trigla
Cladocera / Ceriodaphima cornuta
Daphina longispina
Diaphanosoma sarsi
Copepoda / Sinocalanus dorrii
Limnothora sinensis
Macrophyte / Potamogeton maackianus, Zizaniz latifolia and Nymphoides peltata
Phytoplankton / Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta ,Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta, Pyrrophyta,Euglenophyta, and Chrysophyta / In LakeTaihu, there exist about 228 species of phytoplankton. Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta ,Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta, Pyrrophyta,Euglenophyta, and Chrysophyta biomasses accounted for 42.75%, 18.78%, 18.08%, 11.09%, 8.59%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of total phytoplankton biomass, respectively (Sun 1993)

Table A2. Input data and references by functional groups for the LakeTaihu model.

Decades / Functional group / Reference / Observations
Submerged macrophyte
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Sun 1993 / 11 sampling sections, 42 sampling points, covering the whole lake, carried out in 1981(Sun and Huang 1993)
1990s / Biomass / Bao 1991; Yang 1998
1960s / P/B
1980s / P/B
1990s / P/B / Liu 1992
Catch / Yang 1998
Other macrophyte
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Sun 1993 / 11 sampling sections, 42 sampling points, covering the whole lake, carried out in 1981(Sun and Huang 1993)
1990s / Biomass / Bao 1991; Yang 1998
1960s / P/B
1980s / P/B
1990s / P/B / Liu 1992
Catch / Yang 1998
Phytoplankton
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / 1980-1981, 30 sampling points, covering the whole lake, sampled seasonally
1990s / Biomass / Tang 1995
1960s / P/B / Sun and Huang 1993
1980s / P/B / Sun and Huang 1993
1990s / P/B / Sun and Huang 1993
Detritus
Biomass / State Environmental Protection Administration of China 2000 / Used conversion factor that estimated the biomass of bacteria as 17.5% of that for phytoplankton (Heymans et al., (2004)). The biomass of DOC and POC was estimated by the Ecoempire in the EwE model (Christensen and Pauly 1992; 1993; Christensen et al.,, 2004)
Zooplankton
Microzooplankton
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / 1980-1981, 30 sampling points, covering the whole lake, sampled seasonally
1990s / Biomass / Yan 1995 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al., 2001)
U/Q / Park et al.,1974
1960s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath / EE was assumed to be 0.95 (Christensen et al., 2004)
1980s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath / EE was assumed to be 0.95 (Christensen et al., 2004)
1990s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath / EE was assumed to be 0.95 (Christensen et al., 2004)
1960s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1980s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1990s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
Cladocera
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / 1980-1981, 30 sampling points, covering the whole lake, sampled seasonally
1990s / Biomass / Yan 1995 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al.,2001)
1960s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1980s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1990s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1960s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1980s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1990s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
Copepoda
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / 1980-1981, 30 sampling points, covering the whole lake, sampled seasonally
1990s / Biomass / Yan 1995 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al., 2001)
1960s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1980s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1990s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1960s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1980s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1990s / Q/B / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
Trophic data / Liu 1999
Benthos
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / 1980-1981, 30 sampling points, covering the whole lake, sampled seasonally
1990s / Biomass
1960s / P/B / Empirical equation from Brey 1999 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al., 2001)
1980s / P/B / Empirical equation from Brey 1999 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al., 2001)
1990s / P/B / Empirical equation from Brey 1999 / Used conversion factor from dry weight to wet weight of 16.7% (Gong et al., 2001)
1960s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1980s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1990s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
U/N / Yan 2003
Trophic data / Liu 1999
Mollucs
1960s / Biomass / Geography Department of ChineseAcademy of Science 1965; School of LifeSciencesEastChinaNormalUniversity1959 / By Geography Department of Chinese Academy of Science (Jun 15th –Aug 25th 1960), 33 sampling points, covering the whole lake.
By School of Life Sciences East China Normal University (July 18th-24th 1959), 6 sampling sections, covering the whole lake (sampling area covered 6.8%of the total area of the lake).
1980s / Biomass
1990s / Biomass / Deng et al., 1997
1960s / P/B / Yang 2003
1980s / P/B / Yang 2003
1990s / P/B / Yang 2003
1960s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1980s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
1990s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath / P/Q ratio of 0.05 was adopted for zooplankton (Park et al., 1974; Scavia et al., 1974; Yang 2003), which could then be converted into consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) using Q/B= (P/B)/ (P/Q)
U/N / Scavia et al.,1974
Catch / Zhu 1998
Trophic data / Liu 1999
Macrocrustacean
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003
1960s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1980s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1990s / P/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1960s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1980s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath
1990s / Q/B / Estimated by Ecopath
U/Q / Halfon et al.,1996
Catch / Zhu 1998
Trophic data / Shi 1995
Herbivorous fishes
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/N / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1998
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Other fishes
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Zhu 1999
Icefish
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Bing 1995
Black carp
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / P/Q was assumed to be 0.079
1980s / Q/B / P/Q was assumed to be 0.079
1990s / Q/B / P/Q was assumed to be 0.079
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Common carp
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Goldfish
Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Bighead carp
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Silver carp
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Liu 1992
Tapertail anchovy
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Tang 1995
Large Icefish
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Zhu 1985
Other priscivorous
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1980s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
1990s / Q/B / Empirical equation from Palomares and Pauly 1998
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 1999; Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Tan 1997b
Large culers
1960s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu.
1980s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu.
1990s / Biomass / Zhu 2003 / Biomass estimated from the trawling surveys (1991-1998) in the LakeTaihu.
1960s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1980s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1990s / P/B / F=C/B and Z=F+M=P/B, M=empirical equation from Pauly 1980
1960s / Q/B / Fishbase 2004
1980s / Q/B / Fishbase 2004
1990s / Q/B / Fishbase 2004
U/Q / Winberg 1956; Brett 1979
Catch / Zhu 2003
Trophic data / Xu, 1984

Table A3. The input diet composition data in proportions for the LakeTaihu ecosystem.

Prey/Predator / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18
1 / LarC / 0.020 / 0.004
2 / OthP / 0.008 / 0.021
3 / LarI / 0.007 / 0.040
4 / TapA / 0.510 / 0.360 / 0.005
5 / BlaC / 0.001
6 / ComC / 0.001 / 0.007
7 / GolF / 0.001 / 0.052
8 / BigC / 0.013
9 / Icef / 0.047 / 0.165 / 0.005
10 / OthF / 0.306 / 0.281 / 0.248
11 / SilC / 0.005
12 / HerF / 0.001
13 / MacC / 0.013 / 0.448 / 0.074 / 0.025 / 0.080
14 / Moll / 0.092 / 0.040 / 0.950 / 0.600 / 0.001
15 / OthB / 0.076 / 0.025 / 0.157 / 0.159 / 0.186 / 0.001
16 / Micz / 0.009 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.010 / 0.115 / 0.007 / 0.002 / 0.003 / 0.001 / 0.141 / 0.016 / 0.016
17 / Clad / 0.047 / 0.506 / 0.039 / 0.31 / 0.433 / 0.338 / 0.097 / 0.38
18 / Cope / 0.057 / 0.400 / 0.050 / 0.375 / 0.560 / 0.253 / 0.100 / 0.459
19 / SubM / 0.067 / 0.009 / 0.515 / 0.002 / 0.998 / 0.001
20 / OthM / 0.001
21 / Phyt / 0.004 / 0.043 / 0.18 / 0.129 / 0.800 / 0.800 / 0.100 / 0.333 / 0.474 / 0.474
22 / Detr / 0.016 / 0.153 / 0.227 / 0.02 / 0.091 / 0.02 / 0.200 / 0.898 / 0.667 / 0.510 / 0.51
Sum / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1

TableA4.Output summary for the 1960s Ecopath model (Value in Bold were estimated by the model).

Group / Biomass / Catch / P/B / Q/B / EE / P/Q / UN/Q
Large Culters / 0.804 / 0.198 / 0.446 / 1.467 / 0.668 / 0.304 / 0.200
Other piscivorous / 0.148 / 0.0400 / 1.170 / 4.286 / 0.850 / 0.273 / 0.200
Large icefish / 0.250 / 0.203 / 1.392 / 12.429 / 0.969 / 0.112 / 0.200
Tapertail anchovy / 3.066 / 1.132 / 0.979 / 8.664 / 0.832 / 0.113 / 0.200
Black carp / 0.330 / 0.0460 / 0.259 / 3.278 / 0.477 / 0.079 / 0.724
Common carp / 0.795 / 0.198 / 0.429 / 4.767 / 0.592 / 0.090 / 0.350
Goldfish / 0.798 / 0.198 / 0.599 / 6.511 / 0.481 / 0.092 / 0.350
Bighead carp / 1.120 / 0.233 / 0.428 / 2.993 / 0.448 / 0.143 / 0.300
Icefish / 1.075 / 0.142 / 1.902 / 21.862 / 0.982 / 0.087 / 0.200
Other fishes / 0.868 / 0.179 / 1.601 / 8.168 / 0.977 / 0.196 / 0.200
Silver Carp / 1.218 / 0.233 / 0.492 / 3.565 / 0.433 / 0.138 / 0.410
Herbivorous fishes / 1.780 / 0.244 / 0.337 / 2.424 / 0.401 / 0.139 / 0.410
Macrocrustacean / 0.869 / 0.321 / 1.599 / 21.324 / 0.990 / 0.075 / 0.700
Molluscs / 47.049 / 27.800 / 1.326 / 10.605 / 0.518 / 0.125 / 0.400
Other benthos / 0.775 / － / 4.030 / 201.500 / 0.900 / 0.020 / 0.940
Microzooplankton / 0.609 / － / 49.087 / 981.733 / 0.950 / 0.050 / 0.650
Cladocera / 0.894 / － / 41.322 / 826.440 / 0.900 / 0.050 / 0.650
Copepoda / 1.069 / － / 39.024 / 780.473 / 0.900 / 0.050 / 0.650
Submerged macrophyte / 42.772 / 34.217 / 1.250 / - / 0.785 / - / -
Other macrophyte / 149.140 / 13.416 / 1.000 / - / 0.090 / - / -
Phytoplankton / 6.636 / － / 185.000 / - / 0.990 / - / -
Detritus / 115.163 / － / － / - / 0.761 / - / -

P/B: production/biomass; Q/B: consumption/biomass; EE: ecotrophic efficiency;P/Q: production/ consumption; UN/Q: unassimilated/ consumption

Table A5.Output summary for the 1980s Ecopath model (Value in Bold were estimated by the model).

Group / Biomass / Catch / P/B / Q/B / EE / P/Q / UN/Q
Large Culters / 0.331 / 0.158 / 0.677 / 2.227 / 0.784 / 0.304 / 0.200
Other piscivorous / 0.143 / 0.0750 / 1.423 / 5.212 / 0.688 / 0.273 / 0.200
Large icefish / 0.300 / 0.232 / 1.516 / 13.536 / 0.906 / 0.112 / 0.200
Tapertail anchovy / 3.646 / 2.605 / 1.324 / 11.717 / 0.965 / 0.113 / 0.200
Black carp / 0.237 / 0.0640 / 0.390 / 4.937 / 0.636 / 0.079 / 0.724
Common carp / 0.247 / 0.179 / 0.906 / 10.067 / 0.821 / 0.090 / 0.350
Goldfish / 0.247 / 0.179 / 1.073 / 11.663 / 0.817 / 0.092 / 0.350
Bighead carp / 0.694 / 0.280 / 0.623 / 4.357 / 0.592 / 0.143 / 0.300
Icefish / 1.130 / 0.288 / 2.025 / 23.276 / 0.988 / 0.087 / 0.200
Other fishes / 2.837 / 1.132 / 1.794 / 9.153 / 0.746 / 0.196 / 0.200
Silver Carp / 0.755 / 0.280 / 0.671 / 4.862 / 0.581 / 0.138 / 0.410
Herbivorous fishes / 0.690 / 0.0640 / 0.293 / 2.108 / 0.300 / 0.139 / 0.410
Macrocrustacean / 0.936 / 0.669 / 1.829 / 24.388 / 0.900 / 0.075 / 0.700
Molluscs / 54.645 / 55.600 / 1.326 / 10.605 / 0.828 / 0.125 / 0.400
Other benthos / 2.400 / － / 4.030 / 201.500 / 0.645 / 0.020 / 0.940
Microzooplankton / 0.570 / － / 67.747 / 1354.95 / 0.990 / 0.050 / 0.650
Cladocera / 2.584 / － / 21.093 / 421.858 / 0.950 / 0.050 / 0.650
Copepoda / 3.326 / － / 15.973 / 319.469 / 0.950 / 0.050 / 0.650
Submerged macrophyte / 31.010 / 34.217 / 1.250 / － / 0.989 / － / －
Other macrophyte / 149.140 / 13.416 / 1.000 / － / 0.090 / － / －
Phytoplankton / 8.959 / － / 185.000 / － / 0.979 / － / －
Detritus / 264.880 / － / － / － / 0.788 / － / －

P/B: production/biomass; Q/B: consumption/biomass; EE: ecotrophic efficiency;P/Q: production/ consumption; UN/Q: unassimilated/ consumption

Table A6.Output summary for the 1990s Ecopath model (Value in Bold were estimated by the model).

Group / Biomass / Catch / P/B / Q/B / EE / P/Q / UN/Q
Large Culters / 0.275 / 0.212 / 0.974 / 3.200 / 0.869 / 0.304 / 0.200
Other piscivorous / 0.13 / 0.04 / 1.665 / 6.100 / 0.535 / 0.273 / 0.200
Large icefish / 0.11 / 0.066 / 1.862 / 16.650 / 0.710 / 0.112 / 0.200
Tapertail anchovy / 4.343 / 2.925 / 1.283 / 11.350 / 0.768 / 0.113 / 0.200
Black carp / 0.055 / 0.043 / 0.912 / 11.544 / 0.857 / 0.079 / 0.724
Common carp / 0.233 / 0.182 / 0.96 / 10.693 / 0.840 / 0.09 / 0.350
Goldfish / 0.275 / 0.214 / 1.13 / 12.3 / 0.821 / 0.092 / 0.350
Bighead carp / 0.61 / 0.47 / 0.99 / 6.9 / 0.797 / 0.143 / 0.300
Icefish / 0.793 / 0.478 / 2.373 / 27.200 / 0.568 / 0.087 / 0.200
Other fishes / 3.125 / 1.158 / 2.155 / 11 / 0.302 / 0.196 / 0.200
Silver Carp / 0.08 / 0.028 / 1.1 / 8 / 0.589 / 0.138 / 0.410
Herbivorous fishes / 0.305 / 0.24 / 0.987 / 7.1 / 0.797 / 0.139 / 0.410
Macrocrustacean / 1.575 / 0.466 / 3.092 / 41.223 / 0.85 / 0.075 / 0.700
Molluscs / 35.965 / 31.22 / 1.326 / 10.605 / 0.742 / 0.125 / 0.400
Other benthos / 1.16 / 0 / 4.13 / 201.500 / 0.933 / 0.02 / 0.940
Microzooplankton / 1.304 / 0 / 49.301 / 597.934 / 0.95 / 0.05 / 0.650
Cladocera / 3.506 / 0 / 22.863 / 457.252 / 0.9 / 0.05 / 0.650
Copepoda / 4.243 / 0 / 18.903 / 378.053 / 0.9 / 0.05 / 0.650
Submerged macrophyte / 150.292 / 242.912 / 2.253 / - / 0.73 / - / -
Other macrophyte / 146.36 / 13.416 / 1 / - / 0.092 / - / -
Phytoplankton / 20.893 / 0 / 185 / - / 0.413 / - / -
Detritus / 311.62 / 0 / － / - / 0.362 / - / -

P/B: production/biomass; Q/B: consumption/biomass; EE: ecotrophic efficiency;P/Q: production/ consumption; UN/Q: unassimilated/ consumption