1. The characteristics of science are that it is testable, falsifiable, measurable, reproducible, and objective.
  2. You have used inductive reasoning. In = to, towards De = from, away Duct = lead
  3. Evidence
  4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to bacteria
  5. Both replicate by binary fission
  6. Have their own circular DNA
  7. Have ribosomes similar to prokaryotes
  8. Sensitive to antibiotics
  9. C: sister taxa, paraphyletic
  10. Mitochondria happened first. Both plants and animals contain mitochondria, and both evolved from the first eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts were then incorporated secondarily and the cells containing them developed into plants. Had chloroplasts been incorporated first, then they would be present in both plants and animals.
  11. Lamarck would have said that as the antibiotics were administered, the bacteria struggled through it, and developed a phenotype which allows them to survive. Then they passed this on to their offspring. Darwin would have said that some bacteria were capable of metabolizing or defeating the antibiotic, and while the rest of the bacteria died, only those with immunity passed on their genes to the next generation.
  12. Spores – mitosis - gametophyte – gametes – fertilization – zygote – mitosis – sporophyte – meiosis – spores Bold indicates the haploid portion
  13. True
  14. Desiccation tolerant
  15. C. The sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte in vascular plants.
  16. D is true, but C is the correct answer. Vascular refers to the xylem and phloem, which are vascular tissues.
  17. E is correct. All of these are adaptations which made having a dominant sporophyte stage advantageous.
  18. A is correct. An ovule or an ovary would not contain a fertilized egg.
  19. C is the correct choice. Size has nothing to do with seed advantage.
  20. C is the correct choice. Coevolution occurs when two species evolve to interact in a specific way. Offering a reward, in this case nectar, is a common way that angiosperms attract pollinators.
  21. False, only occurs in angiosperms
  22. Refers to gastrulation where the first infolding of the blastula becomes the mouth. The end result is that this forms tissue layers, and a digestive tract.
  23. Pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail. We do have them, but only in the embryonic stage.
  24. Bilateral, triploblastic, coelomate, and deuterostome. They would be advanced.
  25. False. Sponges do not.
  26. E all of the above are vertebrate characteristics not found in simple chordates
  27. F is correct. The modifications we talked about in class are honeycomb bone structure, feathers, and single organ pairs. Beaks do not allow birds to fly, and we never talked about anything to do with their brains (I just made that up).
  28. Amount of body devoted to reproductive structures. Parasites have a high reproductive effort.
  29. False. Parasites must either have a protective coating, or camouflage themselves from the host immune system.
  30. Closed circulatory system means that the fluid carrying nutrients around the body is enclosed at all times in a system of vessels. A hydrostatic skeleton means that the body cavity is filled with fluid which is slightly higher than outside pressure and therefore keeps pressure on the walls of the organism to keep it firm.
  31. A is correct. Arthropods have an open circulatory system
  32. A is correct. A benign tumor.
  33. Sister chromatids are exact copies. Homologous chromosomes are the same chromosome, but one copy from each parent. Chromatin refers to DNA and its associated proteins unpackaged. Centrosomes are the organelles which give rise to the centrioles.
  34. Crossing over occurs during prophase, and happens when two homologous sites on the homologous chromosomes meet and switch portions of the chromosome. Linked genes are usually close together, and therefore unlikely to be split by this event.
  35. No ratio really. All four offspring will display both red and white phenotypes.
  36. Selection for the heterozygote genotype by natural selection. Maintains genetic diversity.
  37. Son = 100% Daughter = 0%