America: Past and Present
Chapter 23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism
23.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
Puck Magazine, 1910
Retired President Theodore Roosevelt looks on with disappointment at the snarled
mess President Taft has made of his polices and government.
(Scott Foresman Addison Wesley)
1) Examine the ideas presented in the Puck cartoon shown above. Which of the following statements best describes the actions which followed?
A) Angry Republican Progressives took to the primary trail, gained control of the 1912 Republican national convention, and nominated Roosevelt for president.
B) Roosevelt threw his support behind Bob LaFollette in a failed challenge against the conservative Taft at the 1912 Republican national convention.
C) Roosevelt seized control of the insurgency movement among Progressive Republicans and mounted the Bull Moose campaign of 1912.
D) Roosevelt and his Republican Progressives bolted their party to join with the Progressive Democrat Woodrow Wilson and to defeat Taft in 1912.
E) Roosevelt announced his support for the Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs in 1912.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 566[Factual]
2) After leaving the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt
A) joined the Democrats.
B) took up cattle ranching in the Dakotas.
C) went on an African safari.
D) became a socialist.
E) wrote several best-selling novels.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 564[Factual]
3) Which of the following was NOT characteristic of progressivism?
A) It sought radical changes in American life.
B) It meant to humanize and regulate big business.
C) Its members were fundamentally optimistic about human nature.
D) Its members were willing to intervene in other people's lives.
E) It emphasized the role of the environment in human development.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 567[Factual]
4) Many of the leaders of the progressive movement
A) opposed professional work and workers.
B) were rather well-educated.
C) tended toward radical views of reform.
D) opposed the expansion of women's rights.
E) were determined to have a negative effect on big business.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 567[Factual]
5) Dr. Alice Hamilton is most closely associated with
A) the birth control movement.
B) the conservation movement.
C) the free trade movement.
D) pioneering research into industrial diseases.
E) the women's suffrage movement.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 568[Factual]
6) The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for
A) women's suffrage.
B) prohibition.
C) a federal income tax.
D) direct election of senators.
E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 570[Factual]
7) The woman suffrage movement suffered from each of the following problems EXCEPT
A) disunity.
B) male opposition.
C) resistance from the Catholic Church.
D) opposition from the prohibition movement.
E) indecision on whether to pursue remedies at the state or national level.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 570-571[Factual]
8) The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for
A) women's suffrage.
B) prohibition.
C) a federal income tax.
D) direct election of senators.
E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds. Answer: A
Page Ref: 571[Factual]
9) In the 1918 Hammer v.Dagenhart decision, the Supreme Court
A) declared the Payne-Aldrich Tariff unconstitutional.
B) overturned a federal law limiting child labor.
C) sustained a federal law prohibiting child labor.
D) created the Federal Trade Commission.
E) overturned the Second Child Labor Act.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 571[Factual]
10) The leading advocate of the philosophy of pragmatism was
A) William James.
B) William Howard Taft.
C) Harvey Wiley.
D) Upton Sinclair.
E) John Dewey.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 572[Factual]
11) Which one of the following is incorrectly matched?
A) Woodrow Wilson/New Freedom
B) Theodore Roosevelt/New Nationalism
C) Robert M. La Follette/Wisconsin Idea
D) Thomas Johnson/Pragmatism
E) Eugene Debs/Socialism
Answer: D
Page Ref: 572[Factual]
12) The most effective proponent of "sociological jurisprudence" was
A) William Howard Taft.
B) Louis Brandeis.
C) Clarence Darrow.
D) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
E) Eugene V. Debs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 573, 592-595[Factual]
13) The most influential educator of the Progressive Era was
A) Thomas Johnson.
B) Eugene V. Debs.
C) Robert M. La Follette.
D) John Dewey.
E) William James.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 572[Factual]
14) The most prominent American socialist during the Progressive Era was
A) "Big Bill" Haywood.
B) Gifford Pinchot.
C) Eugene V. Debs.
D) Upton Sinclair.
E) Daniel DeLeon.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 573[Factual]
15) According to progressive reformers in the cities, especially crucial to the success of their causes were
A) trained experts.
B) bankers.
C) politicians.
D) basic scientists.
E) mayors.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 574[Factual]
16) The commission form of government was pioneered in
A) New York City.
B) Philadelphia.
C) Galveston.
D) Boston.
E) Chicago.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 575[Factual]
17) Tom Johnson, one of the leading Progressive mayors, led the city of
A) Galveston.
B) Toledo.
C) Cleveland.
D) Boston.
E) New York.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 575[Factual]
18) To Progressives, the commissions they championed offered a way to
A) increase their political power.
B) reduce the power of reformers.
C) end the corrupt alliance between business and politics.
D) provide employment for their supporters.
E) get regular citizens into political offices.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 575[Factual]
19) The most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era was
A) Robert M. La Follette.
B) "Golden Rule" Jones.
C) Hiram Johnson.
D) Lincoln Steffens.
E) Richard Ely.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 576[Factual]
20) Which of the following states had the most progressive reform program in the early 1900s?
A) New York
B) Delaware
C) Mississippi
D) Washington
E) Wisconsin
Answer: E
Page Ref: 576[Factual]
21) Theodore Roosevelt angered southerners by inviting ______to the White House.
A) Booker T. Washington
B) W. E. B. DuBois
C) George Washington Carver
D) Madam C. J. Walker
E) Scott Joplin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 577[Factual]
22) The Supreme Court's decision in the Northern Securities case
A) paved the way for several other antitrust actions.
B) had little effect on the problem of trusts overall.
C) was opposed by Roosevelt.
D) affected only the smaller American trusts.
E) was unanimous.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 577[Factual]
23) In the great coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt
A) played no role at all in settling the dispute.
B) sympathized completely with the company owners.
C) decided to support the Pure Food and Drug Act.
D) invited both sides to a White House conference.
E) shut down the mines for two months.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 578[Factual]
24) The Hepburn Act of 1906
A) was aimed, primarily, at the mining industry.
B) lessened government regulation of industry.
C) strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
D) raised the tariff.
E) banned child labor.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 579[Factual]
25) Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, led to passage of the
A) Hepburn Act.
B) Mann-Elkins Act.
C) Meat Inspection Act.
D) Elkins Act.
E) Clayton Antitrust Act.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 579-580[Factual]
Horsford's Acid Phosphate Tonic, Providence, R.I.,1888
"A tonic for tired brain, physical exhaustion, nervousness, indigestion."
(Library of Congress)
26) The product advertised in the broadside shown above would later be banned by which of the following pieces of legislation?
A) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
B) Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
C) Volstead Act of 1919
D) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FDC) Act of 1938
E) Public Health Service Act of 1944
Answer: A
Page Ref: 580[Factual]
27) Roosevelt's push to regulate the food and drug industry
A) was, in part, the result of his reading of popular literature.
B) occurred because of his personal experience with impure drugs.
C) reflected the influence of Congressional pressure.
D) was inconsistent with his general attitude toward reform.
E) was a political ploy to win votes.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 579-580[Factual]
28) Before becoming president, Taft's greatest strength was
A) as an administrator.
B) as a politician.
C) in the area of economic strategy.
D) his personal style.
E) as an orator.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 581[Factual]
29) Compared to Roosevelt, William Howard Taft
A) was an activist.
B) had less faith in the government's ability to impose reform.
C) did not act as aggressively against the trusts.
D) had fewer real problems to confront.
E) was a more dynamic politician.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 582[Factual]
30) Dividing the Republican party early in Taft's administration was
A) the issue of foreign policy and government.
B) the problem of banking regulation.
C) a decision concerning the need to lower tariffs.
D) the question of campaign strategy.
E) split loyalty between Taft and Roosevelt.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 582[Factual]
31) William Howard Taft did NOT alienate progressive Republicans by
A) curbing the power of Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon.
B) endorsing a tariff increase.
C) supporting Interior Secretary Richard Ballinger.
D) campaigning against them in the 1910 congressional elections.
E) generally becoming a tool of the conservative Republicans.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 582-583[Factual]
32) The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
A) displeased Theodore Roosevelt.
B) balanced progressive and conservative demands.
C) angered conservatives.
D) pleased no one.
E) angered the public.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 582-583[Factual]
33) The 1910 election was significant because
A) the Republicans suffered tremendous losses in Congress.
B) the Democratic party maintained its control of Congress.
C) Taft gained additional power as president.
D) a third party appeared.
E) it was a major victory for the Republicans.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 583[Factual]
34) Which one of the following individuals was NOT a candidate for president of the United States in 1912?
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) William Howard Taft
D) Robert M. La Follette
E) Eugene Debs
Answer: D
Page Ref: 584-585[Factual]
35) Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 because
A) he was more popular than Roosevelt.
B) of the split in the Republican party.
C) of the support of Taft.
D) he won the support of the Socialists.
E) he won the support of Progressives.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 584-585[Factual]
36) The election of 1912
A) focused on U.S. domestic concerns.
B) offered voters two radically different candidates.
C) revealed American fears regarding the approach of World War I.
D) split the Democratic party.
E) focused on foreign policy.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 584[Factual]
37) In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt was the candidate of the
A) Bull Moose party.
B) Republican party.
C) Democratic party.
D) Know-Nothing party.
E) Democratic-Progressive party.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 584[Factual]
38) In 1912, Roosevelt's New Nationalism
A) demanded a stronger role for the president and government.
B) called for tighter immigration laws.
C) represented a repudiation of progressivism.
D) was readily accepted by all Progressives.
E) was resolutely anti-trust.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 584[Factual]
39) Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom called for
A) the expansion of government.
B) less government regulation.
C) business competition and small government.
D) government restraint of competition.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Page Ref: 584[Factual]
40) In the election of 1912,
A) the Socialists received nearly one million votes.
B) Woodrow Wilson won the presidency.
C) William Howard Taft won the presidency.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 585[Factual]
41) The Sixteenth Amendment
A) established civil rights guidelines.
B) authorized the direct election of senators.
C) gave women the vote.
D) authorized an income tax.
E) extended the franchise to eighteen-year-olds.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 583, 585[Factual]
42) In 1913, Woodrow Wilson became the first president in over a century to
A) ask for a declaration of war.
B) call a special session of Congress.
C) veto a bill for constitutional reasons.
D) allow ordinary citizens to attend his inaugural ball.
E) address the Congress in person.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 585[Factual]
43) The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
A) lowered tariff rates.
B) continued the tradition of raising tariffs.
C) was opposed by Wilson.
D) required little skill for passage by Congress.
E) kept tariff rates constant for two years.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 585[Factual]
44) The most important domestic law of Wilson's administration was the
A) Underwood Tariff.
B) Dingley Tariff.
C) Federal Reserve Act.
D) Pure Food and Drug Act.
E) Clayton Antitrust Act.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 585[Factual]
45) The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
A) outlawed trusts.
B) prohibited interlocking directorates and unfair trade practices.
C) was opposed by the labor movement.
D) was supported by big business.
E) died in committee.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 586[Factual]
46) The ______was established in 1914 to oversee business practices.
A) Federal Trade Commission
B) Federal Reserve System
C) Interstate Commerce Commission
D) Keating-Owen Law
E) Trust Compliance Commission
Answer: A
Page Ref: 586[Factual]
47) In the final analysis, Wilson's domestic programs indicated
A) his exclusive belief in New Freedom ideas.
B) his outright opposition to Roosevelt's New Nationalism.
C) a blending of the two competing doctrines of progressivism.
D) his failure as a reformer.
E) his determination to win reelection by pleasing as many voters as possible.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 586-587[Factual]
48) Which of the following individuals was named to the Supreme Court during the Woodrow Wilson administration?
A) Louis D. Brandeis
B) William Howard Taft
C) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
D) William H. Moody
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 587[Factual]
49) Woodrow Wilson's record on race relations
A) elicited the support of African Americans.
B) disappointed African Americans and many Progressives.
C) won him support in the South.
D) showed his consistent opposition to racial discrimination.
E) was incredibly liberal.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 587[Factual]
50) The Adamson Act of 1916
A) dealt with the problem of race relations.
B) was designed to help the farmer.
C) was an anti-labor measure.
D) imposed the eight-hour day on railroads.
E) finally ended child labor in the U.S.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 587[Factual]
51) Which of the following individuals was probably the least progressive on the race question in America?
A) W. E. B. Du Bois
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) Booker T. Washington
E) William Howard Taft
Answer: B
Page Ref: 587[Factual]
52) The first woman to be a self-made millionaire was
A) Josephine Baker.
B) Ida Tarbell.
C) Mary McLeod Bethune.
D) Ida Wells Barnett.
E) Madam C. J. Walker.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 588-589[Factual]
23.2 True/False Questions
1) Most Progressives were associated with the Democratic party.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 564-567[Factual]
2) Theodore Roosevelt's invitation to Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House was popular in all sections of the country.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 577[Factual]
3) Theodore Roosevelt's attitude and actions toward trusts were invariably clear and consistent.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 578[Factual]
4) In the great coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt played an important role in bringing about a negotiated settlement.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 578[Factual]
5) Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the country's first conservation-minded presidents.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 580[Factual]
6) William Howard Taft won the presidential election of 1908.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 581[Factual]
7) William Howard Taft's effectiveness as president was limited by the growing split between the conservative and progressive wings of the Republican party.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 564-566, 581-582[Factual]
8) In the election of 1912, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson espoused similar progressive philosophies regarding the government's approach to national problems.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 584[Factual]
9) Woodrow Wilson was a somewhat backward and uneducated man at the time he ran for president of the United States.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 585[Factual]
10) Through the course of his administration, Woodrow Wilson increasingly adopted and utilized the ideas first proposed by his political rival, Theodore Roosevelt.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 586) [Factual]
23.3 Essay Questions
1) By examining his actions as president, discuss Theodore Roosevelt's reputation as a "trust buster." Was that reputation deserved or undeserved?
Page Ref: 577-579[Factual and Conceptual]
2) How did Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson differ in their respective approaches to the problem of regulating and controlling big business in the United States?
Page Ref: 577-580, 584-587[Factual]
3) Discuss in some detail the major features of Woodrow Wilson's progressive reform program between 1913 and 1920.
Page Ref: 585-587[Factual]
4) How did the progressive reform impulse manifest itself at the level of city government?
Page Ref: 574-575[Factual]
5) How did the progressive reform impulse manifest itself at the state level?
Page Ref: 575-577[Factual]