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APA Documentation Style from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

For Print and Online APA References

4.01-05 APA Style

In APA, the reference list includes only those sources

that can be recovered; as such, all personal communications

are cited only in the text. See beginning of Chapter 4 for

general information. [titles will be abbreviated with ellipsis]

4.07  General Forms for print sources:

For an article in a periodical (journals, magazines,

scholarly newsletters, etc.):

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C.-R.,

Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s

more … low: The importance of stability of

self-esteem. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

For a nonperiodical (books, reports, brochures, certain

monographs, manuals, and audiovisual media) article:

Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse

… judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

For a part of a nonperiodical (book chapter):

O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and …

transformation. In Gender issues … life cycle

(pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

4.16 Examples of Specific APA References

The references that follow represent a variety of documents or sources writers commonly cite. For a more exhaustive list, see pages 232-281 containing 95 examples of reference forms.

For the following PRINT sources (No.s 1-63), see pp. 240-265.

6. a magazine article:

Kandel, E. R. & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10).

Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers….

Science, 290, 1113-1120.

7. a newsletter article:

Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination

training as a central component of ….

The Clinical Psychologist, 46, 83-87.

9. a daily newspaper article, no author:

New drug appears … heart failure. (1993, July 15).

The Washington Post, p. A12.

10. a daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages:

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity

affects economic, social status. The

Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. [give all pp]

13. a monograph with issue no. and serial no.:

Harris, P. L. (1993). Young children’s…. Monographs

of the Society for Research in Child

Development, 58(1, Serial No. 231).

16. an abstract as an original source:

Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S., &

Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2 …conditioning

[Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience

Abstracts, 17, 480.

If the abstract is from a secondary source, add a retrieval statement at the end beginning with Abstract obtained from followed by title of source, publication year, volume number and an identifying number if given.

22. a citation of a work in a secondary source:

If you are citing a work you did not read, indicate this in the in-text citation, i.e.,

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in

Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)

argues that….

Then list this secondary source in the references:

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller,

M.  (1993). Models of reading aloud:

Dual-route...approaches. Psychological

Review, 100, 589-608.

23. a book, third/revised edition, Jr. in name:

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987).

People in organizations: An introduction

to organizational behavior (3rd ed.).

New York: McGraw-Hill. [if revised, use

Rev. ed.]

24. a book, group author (government agency) publisher:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).

Estimated resident population by age and

sex in statistical local areas, New South

Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,

Australian Capital Territory: Author.

For an edited book:

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.) Children of color: [continue with general form]

For an encyclopedia or dictionary or no author:

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove

dictionary of music and musicians (6th

ed.,Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillian. (If

no author, begin with title)

For a brochure or corporate author:

Research and Training Center on Independent

Living. (1993) Guidelines… disabilities

(4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS:

Author. [author is publisher]

34. Article or chapter in an edited book and two editors:

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval … memory. In

H.L. Roediger III & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.),

Varieties of memory & consciousness

(pp.309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

38. an entry in an encyclopedia:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new

Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).

Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

41. a Government Printing Office (GPO) or government

institute as author:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical

… illness (DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679).

Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.

44. a report not from GPO or document deposit service:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

(1992). Pressure … prevention (AHCPR Publication

No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author.

48. a report from a private organization:

Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February).

Sources of …the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123).

Washington, DC: Author.

4.07 General Forms for online sources or electronic sources:

Databases, online journals, Web sites/pages, e-mail- and Web-

based discussion groups/newsletters, and newsgroups need at the minimum a title or description, a publication or retrieval date, and

a URL address. Break the address after a slash or before a period. Bracket descriptions, i.e. [Abstract] or [Computer software], after

titles to describe nonroutine information. For the following

ONLINE sources (No.s 71-95), see pp. 268-281.

General form for an online document:

Electronic reference formats recommended by the

American Psychological Association. (2000,

October 12). Retrieved October 23, 200, from

http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

[note the period is not used after an address]

General form for an online periodical :

Eid, M., & Langeheine, R. (1999). The measurement…

affect. Psychological Methods, 4,100-116. Re-

trieved November 19, 2000, from the PsychARTICLES

database.(when source is a database, no address is needed)

71. an Internet article based on a print source:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role

of reference … undergraduates [Electronic version].

Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

If Internet version differs from printed one, give the retrieval date and URL after the pages.

72. an article in Internet-only journal:

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive…

well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3,

article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000,

from http.//journals.apa.org/prevention etc.

75. a multipage document created by private org. , no date:

Greater Milford Area Healthy Community 2000, Task

Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.).

Who has time…! Retrieved October 5, 2000,

from http.//www.familymealtime.org etc.

[give URL of entry page]

76. chapter or section in an Internet document:

Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to

Closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit

(chap. 2). Retrieved from http:www.

Benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

77. stand alone document, no author or date:

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August

28, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu etc.

78. document available on university program or Web site:

Chou, L. McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H.

(1993). Technology and education … futures.

Retrieved May 24, 2000, from Columbia University,

institute for Learning Technologies Web site:

http:// [with large, complex Web sites, name the host and

relevant department before URL]

80. U.S. government report from Web site and no date:

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.).

1997 sourcebook …statistics. Retrieved

May 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/ etc.

81. report from private organization Web site:

Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a …

future steps. Retrieved November 8, 2000,

from http://www.canarie.ca/press/ etc.

89. daily newspaper article, electronic version:

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting…

out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21,

2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

91. electronic version of U.S. gov’t report from GPO Access Database Web search:

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February).

Telemedicine … investments (Publication No.

GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September

15, 2000, from General Accounting Office

Reports Online via GPO Access: http.// etc.